بحوث سكوبس — حمزه محمد رضا يحيى الخفاجي

In this paper, Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access (SAC-OCDMA) system performance is analyzed using a Flexible Double Weight (FDW) code with various detection techniques. In theoretical analysis, various types of noise such as Phase-Induced Intensity Noise (PIIN), shot noise, thermal noise, and Multiple-Access Interference (MAI) effects were considered. System performance was characterized by the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER). The analysis results obtained using the Spectral direct detection (SDD) technique were compared with those obtained using the AND subtraction and Modified AND subtraction detection techniques. The comparison results revealed that the FDW code with the SDD technique can support more active users and can improve system performance compared with the AND subtraction and Modified AND subtraction detection techniques. The FDW code is compared to the previous OCDMA code, known as Enhanced Double Weight (EDW) code, in terms of the number of simultaneous users it can support. The FDW code can accommodate up to 52 simultaneous users which is a significant improvement over the EDW code’s capacity of 30 users. This represents a 73.33% improvement achieved through the use of SDD techniques. In simulation analysis, the results were exemplified by the simulation experiment of the BER performance in the system with the new FDW code. The BERs of the AND subtraction and Modified AND subtraction detection techniques were 1.63 x 10-05 and 1.69 x 10-08 , respectively, at a distance of 60 km, whereas the SDD technique’s BER was 2.29548 x 10-12 , which could reach up to 60 km with bit rate of 10 Gbps. © 2013 IEEE.

Cloud computing is quickly becoming a common commercial model for software delivery and services, enabling companies to save maintenance, infrastructure, and labor expenses. Also, Internet of Things (IoT) apps are designed to ease developers' and users' access to networks of smart services, devices, and data. Although cloud services give nearly infinite resources, their reach is constrained. Designing coherent and organized apps is made possible by integrating the cloud and IoT. Expanding facilities by combining services is a critical component of this technology. Various services may be presented in this environment based on the user's demands. Considering their Quality of Service (QoS) attributes, discovering the appropriate available atomic services to construct the needed composite service with their collaboration in an orchestration model is an NP-hard issue. This article suggests a service composition method using Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and MapReduce framework to compose services with optimized QoS. The simulation outcomes illustrate cost, availability, response time, and energy-saving improvements through the suggested approach. Comparing the suggested technique to three baseline algorithms, the average gain is a 40% improvement in energy savings, a 14% decrease in response time, an 11% increase in availability, and a 24% drop in cost. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The rise of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) has led to the growing significance in intelligent transportation systems. This research suggests a deep learning model for anomaly detection based on GRU over VANET network traffic to address this challenge. Consumer electronics technologies can be successfully introduced to the market in one of two ways: either there is a clear benefit for the customer from using this technology, or it is required by a regulatory order that prevents the use of alternatives. It is possible to detect unknown assaults and DoS floods using traffic anomalies. Users can keep track of the security features of multimedia services by using Traffic Anomaly Detection, which provides an overview of traffic anomaly detection analysis. Anomaly detection methods fall into three categories: unsupervised, semi-supervised, and supervised. The right anomaly detection technique basically depends on the labels that are present in the dataset. To further improve the accuracy of proposed model, a new semi-supervised technique for detecting VANET network activity anomalies called SEMI-GRU has been proposed. The results demonstrate that proposed GRU-based deep learning model outperforms existing methods in detecting network anomalies with low false positive rates. © 1975-2011 IEEE.

An enormous variety of items and things are connected via wired or wireless connections and specific addressing schemes, which is known as the Internet of Things (IoT). However, IoT devices that adopt aggressive duty-cycling for high power efficiency and prolonged lifespan necessitate the incorporation of ultra-low power consumption always-on blocks. The multiplier plays a crucial role in enhancing the capabilities of low-power IoT devices, particularly those operating with energy-efficient batteries that offer extended battery life. The previous multipliers have a struggling speed, enormous occupied area, and high energy consumption; therefore, all prior flaws must be fixed by implementing it in a suitable technology, like the quantum computing. Therefore, this paper examines the ultra-low power circuit for nano-scale IoT platforms. It also suggests novel quantum-based adders for multiplier structure. The proposed designs are simulated using the QCADesignerE 2.2 tool by focusing on energy-efficient and occupied areas for miniaturizing IoT systems. © 2024

Traditional semiconductor-based technology has recently faced many issues, such as physical scalability constraints and short-channel properties. Much research on nano-scale designs has resulted in these flaws. Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a promising nanotechnology solution for solving CMOS-related issues. The 4-dot squared cell is identified as the main feature of this technology. Also, a comparator is an essential electronic device that compares 2 voltages or currents. It is frequently employed to confirm whether an input has achieved a predefined value or not. So, the design of the QCA-based comparator is one of the interesting lines in recent studies. However, cell and area consumption limits the circuit design in the most relevant research. As a result, two efficient comparator circuits based on the inherent rules of quantum dots have been presented in this work. The proposed 1-bit design employs 35 quantum cells in a 0.04 μm2 compact layout space. Also, the proposed 2-bit design uses 173 cells in a 0.19 μm2 compact layout area. These circuits, which are built across three layers of 90-degree cells, remove the need for coplanar crossovers, ensuring accessible inputs and outputs. The presented 1-bit comparator circuit uses 3 majority gates with three inputs. The first output signal in 1-bit comparator is generated after 0.75 clock phases and in 2-bit design after 1.25 clock phases. QCADesigner-E evaluated the suggested circuits' practical accuracy, cost, and power. The results showed that the proposed designs are extremely efficient in cell and area consumption compared to the state-of-the-art designs. © 2024 The Authors

In today's dynamic business landscape, organizations heavily rely on cloud computing to leverage the power of virtualization and resource sharing. Service composition plays a vital role in cloud computing, combining multiple cloud services to fulfill complex user requests. Service composition in cloud computing presents several challenges. These include service heterogeneity, dynamic service availability, QoS (Quality of Service) constraints, and scalability issues. Traditional approaches often struggle to handle these challenges efficiently, leading to suboptimal resource utilization and poor service performance. This work presents a fuzzy-based strategy for composing cloud services to overcome these obstacles. The fact that service composition is NP-hard has prompted the use of a range of metaheuristic algorithms in numerous papers. Therefore, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been applied in this paper to solve the problem. Implementing a fuzzy-based PSO for service composition requires defining the fuzzy membership functions and rules based on the specific service domain. Once the fuzzy logic components are established, they can be integrated into the PSO algorithm. The simulation results have shown the high efficiency of the proposed method in decreasing the latency, cost, and response time. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023.

There is a need for increased security measures because of wide variety of android Internet of Thing (IoT) mobile devices that can communicate with each other via networks for controlling the management of enterprise. Elliptic Curve Deffie Hellman (ECDH) and Rivest Shamir Adleman (RSA) are used to secure data in android IoT phones in efficient manner. Android mobile can store a lot of data, including sensitive data. Protecting data saved on mobile has become a critical problem. In android IoT, Collaborative Machine Learning describes a method for collaboratively mining data, which makes it easier to manage and lowers cost of maintenance. To increase security in IoT phones, suggested system uses ECDH, RSA, and CML algorithms, which have been considered novelty of this method. RSA and ECDH are computed using time of decryption, encryption, and key generation. Conclusions show ECDH beats other alternatives like RSA. Finally, all users of the network have been tested. © 2022 Northeastern University, China.

In order to provide safe and timely medical diagnoses, this study investigates the integration of quantum machine learning (QML) into telemedicine. With a deductive approach and an interpretive philosophy, the study uses secondary data collection and a descriptive design. The study examines resource utilization, processing speed, and diagnostic accuracy to assess the impact of QML. For increased security, quantum methods of encryption are closely examined. Stakeholder viewpoints and user experiences are highlighted by interpretive insights. Ethical considerations and implementation challenges are revealed through critical analysis. Interdisciplinary cooperation, user-centered design, and continuous observation of quantum developments are emphasized in the recommendations. Subsequent research endeavors ought to enhance QML algorithms, investigate adaptable quantum encryption, and tackle ethical considerations. © 2024, Auricle Global Society of Education and Research. All rights reserved.

Wheel-based network resilience passive optical network (PON) based on mode division multiplexing (MDM) can be integrated with optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) schemes efficiently for the fixed and backhaul traffic under normal and break/failure fiber operating conditions. In this work, a bidirectional 10/2.5 Gbit/s hybrid MDM-OCDMA-PON system using multi-weight zero cross-correlation (MWZCC) code is proposed. Donut modes 0 and 1 are incorporated by the MDM technique in the proposed system. The benefit of this work is to offer an inexpensive, high-bandwidth and advanced long-haul network with satisfactory resource utilization ability for fiber links with protection against faults and to improve the reliability along with survivability of the network. The simulation results show the successful realization of the multimode fiber (MMF) link at 1.6 km in the uplink and 1.2 km in the downlink directions under an acceptable bit error rate (BER). The minimum accepted received power of −31 dBm in uplink and −27 dBm in downlink over 1 km link at 10/2.5 Gbit/s rate is obtained. Moreover, the minimum received power of −20 dBm in uplink and −30 dBm downlink is achieved by using MWZCC code compared to other codes handling 58 simultaneous end users. Further, the influence of fiber impairments and connected devices on the proposed approach is numerically evaluated. Moreover, it is shown that the wheel based proposed approach performs well than other topologies for the bidirectional network resilience transmission. © 2023 by the authors.

In recent years, optical wireless communication has promised several benefits over radio frequency communication in atmospheric, deep space and underwater communications. Satellite-to-underwater communication technology can be applied to commercial, naval, scientific and engineering operations because of its high data rate, high security, long-reach and low cost. In this paper, a high-speed, long-reach integrated free space optics (FSO)-passive optical network (PON) system using non-orthogonal multiple access visible light communication (NOMA-VLC) is proposed. It poses a 10/2.5 Gbps per channel bit rate for satellite-to-underwater applications. Numerically calculated results provide the splitter power budget of −35 dBm in the downlink and −32 dBm in the uplink. Additionally, a receiver sensitivity of 23 dB in the downlink and 10 dB in the uplink direction can be obtained in the system using a modified new zero cross-correlation (MNZCC) code under clear environment conditions. Again, the simulative analyses indicate that the suggested system supports 290 underwater devices successfully and offers a high 10 dBm signal-to-noise ratio over 10 km FSO, 100 km fiber and 5 m VLC range. Moreover, it provides a signal-to-noise ratio of 39 dB, with −9 dBm received optical power at 300 fields of view under fiber-wireless channels’ impairments. We argue that the suggested system is a symmetric system adapted to different link distances and which offers improved receiver sensitivity and high received optical power at a 10−9 bit error rate (BER). The comparative analysis shows the advantages of the suggested system over previously reported works. © 2023 by the authors.

By utilizing digital filter multiple access (DFMA) technique in the optical access networks allows immense potential to offers superb backward compatibility with existing optical as well as forthcoming cloud access networks. Time and wavelength division multiplexing passive optical network (TWDM-PON) incorporating DFMA depicts the promise of absolute and economical optical access networks for 5G based long-reach high speed applications. This simulation work in OptiSystem software, presents a bidirectional hybrid TWDM-DFMA PON system at 25Gbps data rate employing eight uplink and eight downlink channels for long-reach applications. The advantage of this work is to provide a high-bandwidth as well as advanced last-mile network having adequate resource utilization for fiber links. The minimal received power of-19dBm in uplink as well as-14dBm in downlink transmission can be obtained by the proposed system over 50km fiber length at 200Gbps data rate. The system offers faithful data transmission over 150km and 100km in uplink and downlink directions, respectively, over a single fiber link. Further, the system can support end optical units up to 250 in uplink and 120 in downlink successfully. Moreover, a power budget improvement of 4dB and a maximum optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) of 91dB can be obtained for the system. Besides this, the proposed PON is most efficient compared to other conventional PONs in terms of less energy consumption, better spectral usage, long-reach transmission at high data rate and ability to handle large number of end users. © 2013 IEEE.

A novel substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) adopting a leaky-wave antenna (LWA) for continuous beam scanning for tri bands is presented. For continuous beam scanning (CBS), optimization of different parameters associated with the unit cell has been carried out. Apart from this, optimal impedance matching is also obtained with the help of the characteristic impedance of the waveguide. The proposed SIW LWA scans from −58° to + 59° along with 14.50 dBi gain when the frequency changes from 10 GHz to 18.22 GHz and provides a scanning rate of 14.23. The beauty of the suggested antenna is its smaller size and high gain, along with a wider scanning range (117°) capability. This antenna’s final prototype has been fabricated, and the measurement results are matched with the simulation results. © 2023 by the authors.

As the same device may be used for various types of applications, antennas must have the capacity to perform multiple functions. Reconfiguring the polarization, operational frequency, and radiation pattern can create an outcome of multi-functionality. A hybrid, frequency- and pattern-reconfigurable antenna with two V-shaped extrudes in a patch is proposed. To increase the bandwidth of the proposed antenna, the defected ground structure (DGS) phenomenon is presented, which is significant in the bandwidth of 3200 MHz from 2.7 GHz to 5.9 GHz, providing a gain of 3.5 dB. For this design, an FR-4 material was chosen as the substrate, and CST software was used for simulation. Using two p-i-n diodes, the projected antenna illustrates switching for multi-frequency bands such as 1.5, 2.6, 3.2, 5.1, and 8.1 GHz, with a constant radiation pattern and a main lobe direction of 155 degrees. It has C-band, WLAN, cognitive radio (CR), and Bluetooth applications. The proposed antenna displays radiation pattern switching at 3.5 GHz, showing variation between 7°, 158°, 173°, and 175°, and at 4 GHz, it demonstrates switching between 11°, 15°, 165°, and 344°, which defines the hybrid reconfiguration. © 2023 by the authors.

This paper proposes a new design of leaky wave antenna (LWA) based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology for THz applications. The suggested LWA structure has a combination of longitudinal and transverse slots and makes a 10-element linear array of radiating elements. To address the problem of open-stop-band (OSB), four additional smaller slots were etched on the corners of longitudinal and transversal slots. At the broadside, this LWA provided a gain of 12.33 dBi, and a continuous wide beam scanning range from +78° to −6° via the broadside while exhibiting efficient radiation performance over the operating frequency bands of 105 GHz to 109 GHz with a peak gain of 16.02 dBi. © 2023 by the authors.

In recent years, wireless sensor networks have been studied in many applications. One of the important issues studied in these networks is the optimal placement of cells in order to achieve optimal energy consumption. Therefore, intelligent algorithms have been used in most research to achieve this goal. In order to properly roll out 5G, the network must be able to handle the increase in data traffic. The essential aspects of resource allocation systems, such as scalability and throughput, are under too much stress due to the rising amount of traffic. In the present work, network planning is characterized by the optimal selection of the base station location and transmission power in 5G networks. Here, an Amended design of the Barnacles Mating Optimizer (ABMO) Algorithm is proposed and is employed to get higher efficiency in both terms of total connected users and transmit power saving for 5G networks. Therefore, the novelty of this study is in the use of an amended design of the Barnacles Mating Optimizer (ABMO) Algorithm. This amended design improves the accuracy and performance of the ABMO and makes it more effective in finding the best locations for base stations and changing the power level for 5G networks. The amended design also offers several advantages over some other state-of-the-art algorithms and makes the ABMO useful for improving 5G networks Simulations of the proposed ABMO algorithm are then compared with some other state-of-the-art algorithms and the results showed the right location and changing the range of the power level for the proposed method. The outcomes show that the suggested Amended Barnacles Mating Optimizer Algorithm statistically outperforms the original BMO, and some other methods based on DE, and RGA. The findings show that the t-value for BMO and the modified BMO is 4.339e−35 which is so better than that of DE and ABMOO with 1.926e−22, and for the RGA and ABMOO with 4.826e−32. © 2023

The Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT) has recently experienced a considerable surge in multimedia-based services. Due to the fast proliferation and transfer of massive data, the IoMT has service quality challenges. This article proposes a novel fog-based multimedia transmission scheme for the IoMT using the Sugano interference system with a quantum genetic optimization algorithm. The fuzzy system devises a mathematically organized strategy for generating fuzzy rules from input and output variables. The quantum genetic algorithm (QGA) is a metaheuristic algorithm that combines genetic algorithms and quantum computing theory. It combines many critical elements of quantum computing, such as quantum superposition and entanglement. This provides a robust representation of population diversity and the capacity to achieve rapid convergence and high accuracy. As a result of the simulations and computational analysis, the proposed fuzzy-based QGA scheme improves the packet delivery ratio and throughput by reducing end-to-end latency and delay when compared to traditional algorithms like genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, heterogeneous earliest finish time, and ant colony optimization. Consequently, it provides a more efficient scheme for multimedia transmission in the IoMT. © 1994-2012 IEEE.

Network-on-Chip (NoC) is one of the basic chip designs with advantages and challenges especially when the number of transistors increases and the data transfer rate across network is important. For these reasons, Photonic Network-on-Chip was proposed. These networks are important for intra chip communication. The data transfer with photonics between devices with long distance on the chip without any transfer rate loss is one of the most important advantages of Photonic Network-on-Chip. This paper reviews basic and fundamental concepts of Network-on-Chip and Photonic Network-on-Chip to understand their key points of designs and rules for implementation. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of linked computers, electronic and mechanical equipment, objects, living things, and people that can exchange data without human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. Real objects with sensors, computing power, software, and other technologies are called IoT when they connect to and exchange data with other systems and devices over the Internet or other communication networks. On the other hand, Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a highly appealing alternative to transistor-based technologies for future circuit design, thanks to its excellent performance and low power consumption characteristics. Therefore, researchers are trying to implement IoT-related circuits in this technology and take advantage of it. In IoT nodes, the circuits were previously designed based on transistors and used extensively are adder circuits and their various forms, such as carry-look-ahead adder, ripple carry adder, and Carry-Skip Adder (CSA). The proposed CSA is part of the bypass adder family, and its major goal in IoT devices is to reduce latency and power consumption. Designing CSA is a fascinating area of research in the QCA and IoT domains. In this research, we will offer nano-scale CSA designs based on logic gate structures. This CSA aids in improving system performance in terms of average power dissipation, area, and delay. This design has performed admirably in terms of physical qualities, particularly power usage. As a result, an ultra-low-power CSA is proposed, which employs a reduced number of cells and a smaller area while achieving the desired highly polarized output. All the circuits provided in the simulator software have been tested, and their correctness has been confirmed. 36 quantum cells were employed, and the adder's area with propagating signal is around 0.04 µm2. The latency is about 2 clock phases. Additionally, the CSA for IoT devices is roughly 0.4 µm2, which results in a delay of 17 clock phases and the need for 374 quantum cells. The suggested CSA reduces cell consumption by 64 %, improves latency by 15 %, and increases area by 85 %. Compared to a carry-look-ahead adder, the CSA is the only way to reduce the latency of a ripple carry adder with low effort. © 2023 Elsevier GmbH

The COVID-19 pandemic forced many organizations to move to telework and smart work (SW), and this practice is expected to continue even later in the postpandemic period. Hence, it is very important for managers and organizations to identify the motivating and deterrent factors in adopting smart work and plan to manage them. Therefore, the present study using an innovative methodology tried to identify and prioritize the factors influencing employee SW adoption. In the first stage, the conceptual model of the research was designed, inspired by the literature. In the next step, using structural equation modeling (SEM), antecedents whose effects on employee SW adoption were confirmed were identified. Finally, the output of the SEM model was considered as the input of the multilayer perceptron (MLP) model, which is an artificial neural network model, to determine the importance of each antecedent in the prediction of employee behavior. The present study provides quantitative empirical evidence that perceived value, institutional and technological support, perceived limited communication, and perceived cost are antecedents of employee SW adoption that are, respectively, important in predicting the behavioral intentions of employees in acceptance of SW. The findings of this study contribute to both the SW and the behavioral intention theory literature. © 2023 Wen-Bao Wang et al.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the most significant contributors to the Internet of Things (IoT), and it plays a significant role in the lives of individuals. There are three main problems in the design of traditional WSN based-IoT. First problem about data; the WSN transmits a huge volume of data to the IoT for processing. The second problem is the energy; since sensor nodes rely on their limited battery, conserving energy is crucial, and the third problem about efficiency of transmission. This paper presents new WSN based IoT framework that integrate important techniques to solve these problems; To increase the effectiveness of data processing and storing, the intelligent Adaptive Boosting stochastic algorithm is applied. IEEE 802.15.4e time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) protocol is used because it has the benefits such as collision-free transmission and multi-hop transmission. Data reduction at the Gateway (GW) level of the network is achieved through spatial correlation between sensors with the goal of conserving energy. Principle idea of this new framework is to identify the advantages of integrating the important techniques; intelligent Adaptive Boosting Stochastic diffusion search algorithm, TSCH, and Special correlation model. As a result, the proposed framework can thereby satisfy the need for a long battery life of low-rate applications and at the same time, the need for high throughput for high-rate uses also for testing it in achieved efficient classification of data, the important performance measures are used. © 2023, American Scientific Publishing Group (ASPG). All rights reserved.

This paper compares the performance of a developed web-based application named ISP-Perf with test mobile systems (TEMs) in a mobile broadband measurement environment. The quality of service (QoS) metrics such as upload and download speeds, as well as the latency of 3G MTN network, were quantified concurrently at three major urban centers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The measurements have been carried out at different times of the day for a specified period. ISP-Perf has been shown to have a low error margin when compared to TEMs, hence it is recommended for measuring network performance. © 2023 IEEE.

This paper aims to enable the two-keying approach in spectral-amplitude coding optical code-division multiple-access (SAC-OCDMA) system that employs modified double weight (MDW) code. To achieve this goal, two-keying subtraction detection (TKSD) is suggested, which also declines the impact of multiuser interference (MUI) and phase-induced intensity noise (PIIN). The results of simulation test demonstrate that the TKSD is efficient in realizing the two-keying detection feature in SAC-OCDMA system with superior bit-error rate (BER) performance, security, and transmission rate. © 2023 IEEE.

In recent years, 6G technology has been extended to many different applications, especially mobile communications. As a result, the volume of mobile data increases, which poses a problem with the load on the plane of control (IoE, IoT). This problem is solved by efficient use of resources and reduced power consumption in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). In the literature, many methods have been developed by researchers to control spectrum sensing as well as energy-efficient operation, but they still need to be improved to improve system efficiency and processing power. Therefore, in this paper, an energy efficient method for Opposition Function-based Chimpanzee Optimization Algorithm (OFCOA) is developed in CRN for energy management as well as resource allocation. The proposed method is a combination of Opposition Function (OF) and Chimpanzee Optimization Algorithm (COA). In COAs, the optimal decision process is enhanced by the use of OF. The proposed method provides energy efficient operation in CRN through energy management taking into account spectrum measurements. The proposed method was tested under four Primary User (PU) and Secondary User (SU) conditions with channel occupation and CRN findings. The proposed methodology is implemented in MATLAB and performance is measured based on performance metrics such as processing power, network life, transmission rate, delay, flush, power consumption and overhead. The performance of the proposed methodology is compared with traditional methods such as Chimpanzee Optimization Algorithm (COA), Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). © 2023. Carbon Magics Ltd.

Fog computing is considered a promising solution to minimize processing and networking demands of the Internet of things (IoT) devices. In this work, a model based on the energy consumption evaluation criteria is provided to address the deployment issue in fog computing. Numerous factors, including processing loads, communication protocols, the distance between each connection of fog nodes, and the amount of traffic that is exchanged, all have an impact on the re-search system's overall energy consumption. The power consumption for implementing each com-ponent on the fog node as well as the power consumption for information exchange between the fog nodes are taken into account when calculating each fog node's energy use. Each fog node's energy consumption is closely correlated to how its resources are used, and as a result, to the average normalized resource utilization of a fog node. When the dependent components are spread across two distinct fog nodes, the transfer energy is taken into account in the computations. The sum of the energy used for transmission and the energy used for computational resources is the entire amount of energy consumed by a fog node. The goal is to reduce the energy consumption of the fog network while deploying components using a novel metaheuristic method. Therefore, this work presents an enhanced water strider algorithm (EWSA) to address the problem of deploying application components with minimum energy consumption. Simulation experiments with two scenarios have been conducted based on the proposed EWSA algorithm. The results show that the EWSA algorithm achieved better performance with 0.01364 and 0.01004 optimal energy consumption rates. © 2023 University of Tehran. All rights reserved.

In the present scheme of the world, the problem of shortage of power is seen across the world which can be a vulnerability to various communication securities. The scope of proposed research is that it is a step towards completing green communication technology concepts. In order to improve energy efficiency in communication networks, we designed UART using different nanometers of FPGA, which consumes the least amount of energy. This shortage is happening because of expanding of industries across the world and the rapid growth of the population. Therefore, to save the power for our upcoming generation, the globe is moving towards the concept and ideas of green communication and power-/energy-efficient gadget. In this work, a power-efficient universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) is implemented on 28 nm Artix-7 field-programmable gate array (FPGA). The objective of this work is to reduce the power utilization of UART with the FPGA device in industries. To do this, the same authors have used voltage scaling techniques and compared the results with the existing FPGA works. © 2022 D. Haripriya et al.

This paper proposes an improved salp swarm algorithm (ISSA) as an effective metaheuristic method for tackling global optimization issues and damping power system oscillations. In the suggested ISSA, new equations are introduced to update the location of the leader and followers. This modification improves the method's exploration possibilities while also preventing it from converging prematurely. Benchmark test functions are used to confirm the proposed algorithm's performance, and the results are compared to SSA and other effective optimization algorithms. According to the extensive comparisons, the enhanced ISSA algorithm has higher convergence accuracy and stability than the original SSA and other researched algorithms. Furthermore, the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method were demonstrated by the simultaneous coordinated design of UPFC based damping controllers. For the two-area, four-machine system, the experimental findings are provided. Simulation experiments reveal that ISSA designed controllers outperform those created using other methods. © 2013 IEEE.

The Internet of things (IoT) points to billions of devices located worldwide which are connected and share their data based on the Internet. Due to the new technologies that provide cheap computer chips and universal wireless networks, it is feasible that everything from a small tablet to a very large airplane will be connected to the Internet and will be a part of the IoT. In most applications, IoT network nodes face limitations in terms of energy source and cost. Therefore, the need for innovative methods to improve quality indicators that increase the lifespan of networks is evident. Here, a novel technique is presented to increase the quality of service (QoS) in IoT using an improved meta-heuristic algorithm, called the improved seagull optimization algorithm (ISOA), along with traffic management in these networks. Based on this subject, the traffic-aware algorithm can manage the sending of packets and increase the QoS provision in terms of time to a great extent. The performance evaluation of the proposed method and comparison with the previous methods demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of this method and its superiority over the previous works. © 2022 by the author.

The study of path loss propagation is of high importance in telecommunication, for optimizing the efficiency of wireless communication networks. In this paper, four path loss propagation models; free space path loss (FSPL) model, Okumura model, Okumura-Hata model, and COST 231-Hata model were compared. The models were compared using measurement data from Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The data is gotten from a 4G walk test using two mobile applications. The first mobile application Network, Signal Info (version 5.68.07), was used to acquire the received signal strength in and the distance between the BTS antenna and the mobile antenna. While the second mobile application, G-NetTrack Lite (version 14.8), was used to map out the track path followed during the test. Choba, the study area, is a coastal suburban area with map coordinates 4.8941° N, 6.9263° E. The measured distance range was from 0.09 km to 0.45 km, and a path loss range of 69dB to 81dB. While the BTS and mobile antenna heights were 32 m and 1m respectively, with a carrier frequency of 800MHz. BTS transmission power of 23 dBm was assumed, based on 3GPP eNodeB recommendations. A graph comparison of the studied models showed that Okumura-Hata model and COST 231-Hata model had the closest predictions to the measured path loss. The need for better path loss models for 4G and 5G propagations was observed. Copyright © 2022, Stella Ifeoma Orakwue and Hamza Mohammed Ridha Al-Khafaji.s.

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMTs) based on fog/cloud computing has been effectively proven to improve the controlling, monitoring, and care quality of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. One of the convenient approaches to assess symptomatic patients is to group patients with comparable symptoms and provide an overview of the required level of care to patients with similar conditions. Therefore, this study adopts an effective hierarchal IoMTs computing with K-Efficient clustering to control and forecast COVID-19 cases. The proposed system integrates the K-Means and K-Medoids clusterings to monitor the health status of patients, early detection of COVID-19 cases, and process data in real-time with ultra-low latency. In addition, the data analysis takes into account the primary requirements of the network to assist in understanding the nature of COVID-19. Based on the findings, the K-Efficient clustering with fog computing is a more effective approach to analyse the status of patients compared to that of K-Means and K-Medoids in terms of intra-class, inter-class, running time, the latency of network, and RAM consumption. In summary, the outcome of this study provides a novel approach for remote monitoring and handling of infected COVID-19 patients through real-time personalised treatment services. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Internet of Things (IoT) environments can extensively use embedded devices. Without the participation of consumers; tiny IoT devices will function and interact with one another, but their operations must be reliable and secure from various threats. The introduction of cutting-edge data analytics methods for linked IoT devices, including blockchain, may lower costs and boost the use of cloud platforms. In a peer-to-peer network such as blockchain, no one has to be trusted because each peer is in charge of their task, and there is no central server. Because blockchain is tamper-proof, it is connected to IoT to increase security. However, the technology is still developing and faces many challenges, such as power consumption and execution time. This article discusses blockchain technology and embedded devices in distant areas where IoT devices may encounter network shortages and possible cyber threats. This study aims to examine existing research while also outlining prospective areas for future work to use blockchains in smart settings. Finally, the efficiency of the blockchain is evaluated through performance parameters, such as latency, throughput, storage, and bandwidth. The obtained results showed that blockchain technology provides security and privacy for the IoT. © 2022 by the authors.

Today, the use of information and communication technology is very important in making the internet of things (IoT) elements distributable around the earth. With the development of IoT topics, today unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are utilized as a platform for gathering data from various IoT devices located worldwide. Determining the number and optimal locations of drones can minimize energy consumption in this data-collection system in the IoT. Using a promising multi-objective optimization algorithm (MOA) can achieve this goal. In this research, a bio-inspired MOA, termed the multi-objective spotted hyena optimizer (MOSHO), is employed on the data-collection platform for a group of IoT devices in a geographical area. The results of this method have been compared with other evolutionary MOAs. The analysis of the results shows that the MOSHO has a noteworthy consequence on the process of optimal energy consumption in this system, in addition to a high convergence associated with better diversity and robustness. The results of this research can be used to identify the optimization parameters in this system. © 2022 by the author.

Broadband mapping plays an intricate part in broadband availability. With a variety of methods existing in achieving broadband mapping, a more compact approach that is both easy to use and cost effective is necessary. Exploring the software approach using a web application, it becomes plausible to carry out broadband mapping. A three-in-one web-based broadband mapping application (www.speedtester.com.ng) capable of detecting the mapping location and measuring the speed of the Internet Service Provider (ISP) was developed. It also provides a facility for data storage and display on a map. The developed application was tested against an existing software to confirm its accuracy. The developed application showed significant accuracy, flexibility of usage along with its cost-effective implementation. In addition, the performance of three different ISPs at selected locations were evaluated using the developed application. The result shows that the minimum broadband speed benchmark set by the National Broadband Committee has not been realized for some ISPs. Hence, for optimal internet services, users can make informed decisions on the ISP services to utilize. © 2022

This paper presents implementation of cost-effective solar powered hydroponic system with Internet of Things (IoT) for online and remote checking and controlling the system operation. The objective was to take advantage of the abundant solar energy while incorporating IoT platform into the system. The system is made up of power supply unit, control unit, Wi-Fi unit, input unit and output unit. The system monitored temperature, humidity and volume of the nutrient solution and at the same time sent online messages to the farmer. The test carried out showed that the system is working and the readings obtained online showed a ± 1% variation from the physical measurement done remotely with meters. This implies that the online control of the system operation was effective. Copyright © 2022, Stella Ifeoma Orakwue, Hamza Mohammed Ridha Al-Khafaji, Victor Chukwumela Ikenyiri and Victory Chukwuemeka Godson.

Security is one of the most important aspects of data transmission. To provide controlled access to the network, user authorization and authentication are often used with the help of an AAA server. RADIUS servers provide users with access to data, user authentication, and configuration information. When designing networks with such access control method implementation, it is necessary to understand how the characteristics of the communication channel affect the switching time of IP-TV channels, and therefore the overall quality of IPTV services. The principles of the main protocols for IP-TV using a RADIUS server are described. The main parameters of the communication channel were identified. The mathematical model and the graphs demonstrate how IP-TV service access time depends on telecommunication channel parameters. The results of a practical experiment are presented to prove the formed mathematical model. The results of a practical experiment and theoretical calculation are compared. Copyright © 2022, Maxim Mikhailovich Kovtsur, Ammar Muthanna, Hamza Mohammed Ridha Al-Khafaji, Pavel Karelsky, Alexander Kozmyan and Grigorii Voroshnin.

Today we cannot imagine our life without the introduction of digital technologies into the life of society. Messengers have become popular not only among ordinary users, but also among IT companies. Such companies tend to use and support one or multiple corporate systems. In this case, events that require prompt response from users of those systems are possible to occur. To solve this problem, the corporate information system is integrated with other communication channels, including messengers, social networks, etc. The article discusses integration of corporate information systems with the Telegram messenger using bots. Having studied publications in one way or another related to this problem, it turned out that almost all of them do not reflect the topic of the introduction and application of instant messengers to the corporate information system. Most of them describe the importance of notifications, calculate the speed of notifications, or create separate information systems, but do not talk about the possibilities of using messengers as a method of interaction between user and system. Therefore, the task arose of studying approaches to integrating messengers. © 2021 ACM.

Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the main functions with digital scientific experts to keep the overall situation very safe. After the developments in technology in the recent period, the discovery of malware and suspicious traffic has become a significant concern in the Internet of Things environment. In the other side the researcher, need an infected data to be analyzed, these data help to build a detection and mitigation frameworks and using these types of deep data analysis programs, the data collection programs required by this research will help. For this purpose packet sniffer is used., packet sniffing is important in network monitoring to troubleshot and to log network activities which will benefit both the network Software engineers and network administrators, various types of packet sniffer There are various packet sniffers are available in the market by which we can perform packet sniffing. This paper present an overview of packet sniffing tools in IoT and cloud-based environment. © 2020 IEEE.

One of the most overgrown research domains is Fog computing in which cloud services are strikingly extended to the network's edge, simultaneously inducing likelihood of computations, communications, as well as storage services in nearness to the end use in order to get adapted to the issues of low transfer speed, high latency and network congestion towards maximum network throughput specifically with the rapid growth in demands in the Internet of Things (IoT). The primary concern of research community is dedicated to development of security lightweight cryptography approaches in the middleware of mobile cloud. This exploration study aims to explore enormous points of view of Fog computing based IoT applications execution and processing security and trustworthiness from perspective of performance testing based models. The study also improves the design issues of security and testing in correspondence to IoT through efficient utilization of IoT paradigms. The proposed solution has been compared to measurable modules and noted that using iFogSim has the most secure environment to perform the topologies for Fog and Mist computing. © 2019 IEEE.

This paper scrutinizes the influence of deployment scenarios on the energy performance of fifth-generation (5G) network at various backhaul wireless frequency bands. An innovative network architecture, the hybrid centric-distributed, is employed and its energy efficiency (EE) model is analyzed. The obtained results confirm that the EE of the 5G network increases with an increasing number of small cells and degrades with an increasing frequency of wireless backhaul and radius of small cells regardless of the network architectures. Moreover, the hybrid centric-distributed architecture augments the EE when compared with the distributed architecture. Copyright © 2019 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.

In this paper, the authors present a new network architecture based on the adaptation of small cells and millimeter wave (mm-wave) links for fifth-generation (5G) wireless backhaul networks. Besides, the throughput of 5G wireless backhaul networks is compared for several number of small cells, spectral efficiency (SE), and deployment scenarios. The results confirm that the proposed approach is high throughput solution compared to typical central and distribution network architectures. © 2018 IEEE.