بحوث سكوبس — حيدر كامل زيدان السعدي

As customizable biomaterials, hydrogels have attracted great promise in several industries, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensing and regenerative medicine. Three-dimensional networks of these hydrophilic polymers exhibit special properties, such as increased water content, soft and flexible texture and biocompatibility, making them excellent candidates to simulate the extracellular matrix and promote cell development and tissue regeneration. In this review paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of hydrogels, focusing on the design concepts, synthesis processes and characterization techniques. Different types of hydrogel materials, including natural polymers, synthetic polymers and hybrid hydrogels, along with their unique properties and applications are discussed. Improvements in hydrogel-based platforms for controlled drug delivery are being investigated. Recent advances in bioprinting processes using hydrogels to create complex tissue constructs with excellent spatial control are also explored. Hydrogel performance is examined across multiple variables, including mechanical properties, degradation behavior and biological interactions, with an emphasis on the importance of tailoring hydrogel qualities for specific applications. This review paper also provides insights into future directions in hydrogel research, including stimuli-sensitive hydrogels, self-healing hydrogels and bioactive hydrogels, which promise promising advances in the field. In general, the aim of this review paper is to provide the reader with a detailed understanding of hydrogels and all of their potential applications, making them a valuable tool for scientists and researchers working on biomaterials and tissue engineering. © 2026 World Scientific Publishing Company.

Nanoparticles have several applications in commercial and pharmaceutical products owing to their exceptional antibacterial characteristics. Nonetheless, the extensive creation of nanoparticles has significant concerns regarding their toxicological and environmental effects. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and xanthine oxidase (XO) are important enzymes in neuroscience, toxicology, and pharmacology, which makes them good targets for studying how nanoparticles affect these areas. This study involved the synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and their subsequent characterization regarding structural and optical properties. The synthesizer technique utilized X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to ascertain the form and size of the nanoparticles, indicating an average diameter of approximately 20.23 nm. An enzymatic test evaluated the inhibitory effects of the synthesized Ag NPs on AChE and XO, using donepezil and allopurinol as positive controls. The results demonstrated that the Ag NPs displayed minimal enzyme inhibitory activity relative to the positive controls. This work underscores the necessity for additional research on the effects of nanoparticle interactions with essential biological systems. © 2025

The objective of this study is to examine the impact of the administration of levothyroxine (T4), insulin-like growth factor-1, zinc, selenium, and vitamin B12 for 2 months to methimazole-induced hypothyroid adult male Wistar albino eight-week-old rats weighing 180–250 gm were bought from the Ilam Lab of Animals and n=8 was for each group. The thyroid hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone, and ultrastructure of follicular cells by transmission electron microscope were compared between the control group and 7 groups of hypothyroid rats treated with T4, insulin-like growth factor-1, T4 + insulin-like growth factor-1, T4+zinc, T4+selenium, T4+ selenium, and T4+zinc +selenium + vitamin B12, respectively. The hypothyroid rats displayed a significant rise (P≤0.05) in thyroid-stimulating hormone levels compared with the control group, with significant differences verified in the treatment groups treated with GF1 in comparison to the hypothyroid group, while a significant difference in TSH levels was observed in hypothyroid rats administrated with T4+Zn, T4+Vit. B12, and T4+Zn+Se+Vit. B12 compared to those groups that were hypothyroid and control. Moreover, the methimazole-induced hypothyroidism group had ultrastructural degenerative alterations in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of the rat's thyroid follicular cells, while the treating groups had regeneration in the thyroid hormones, thyroid stimulating hormone, and ultrastructure of the follicular cells. In conclusion, both T4 + insulin-like growth factor-1 and T4 + zinc + selenium + vitamin B12 treatment groups produced a considerable enhancement in the thyroid follicular cell's ultrastructure and appropriate for application in hypothyroidism treatment. © 2025, University of Baghdad-College of Science. All rights reserved.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of curcumin on apoptosis and autophagy regulation following spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rat model. Methods: Adult male rats were randomly assigned to three groups: sham, SCI, and SCI + curcumin (100 mg/kg/day, i.p. for 14 days). SCI was induced using a standardized contusion model at T9. Locomotor recovery was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score over 28 days post-injury. Histopathological assessment was performed on spinal cord sections using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Nissl staining. Apoptosis was assessed using the TUNEL assay, counterstained with DAPI. Immunofluorescence staining for LC3 and p62 and Western blotting for LC3-I/II, Beclin-1, and p62 were used to evaluate autophagic responses. Results: Curcumin significantly improved locomotor function in SCI rats, as indicated by higher BBB scores. Histological analysis revealed reduced cavitation and preserved neuronal architecture in the SCI + curcumin group. The percentage of TUNEL-positive cells was significantly reduced in the curcumin-treated group (30.47 ± 10.41%) compared to the SCI group (68.75 ± 12.25%, p < 0.01). Curcumin treatment enhanced autophagic activity by increasing LC3 puncta and reducing p62 aggregates. Western blot data confirmed upregulation of Beclin-1 and LC3-II, restoration of LC3-I, and suppression of p62 expression. Conclusion: Curcumin exerts neuroprotective effects following SCI, potentially by attenuating apoptosis within spinal tissue and enhancing autophagic flux through modulation of key regulatory markers. These findings suggest that curcumin may be a promising therapeutic agent for SCI treatment. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.

Bone is the second organ of the human body that has the most transplants. The concept of bone repair has evolved over the past five decades and is known as the third generation of biomaterials. During the integration of nanotechnology with bioceramics, an emerging research field called nanobioceramics has been born within the third generation of biomaterials. Due to the chemical similarity with the mineral content of human bone, nanobioceramics are included in the definition of a new generation of biomaterials whose main purpose is to create a microenvironment to improve cellular responses leading to osteogenesis. Hydroxyapatite is a member of the calcium phosphate family. This substance, which is a bioactive and biocompatible compound, is considered the main mineral component of bone tissue. Due to the chemical and structural similarity of this compound with bone, it is widely used in the field of bone tissue repair and dental and orthopedic applications. Many of the basic properties of hydroxyapatite can be improved and improved by changing the scale of its particles to nanoparticles. Therefore, in recent years, various methods for the synthesis of nanohydroxyapatite have been reported. Using different characterization methods, the quality of synthesized nanostructures can be checked. In addition to bone-related fields, nanohydroxyapatite is also used as a carrier in the transfer of various materials, including drugs, vitamins, and proteins. In this article, in modern times, advances in the field of biomedical research focusing on the use of bioceramics in the treatment of various diseases, the function of vital organs, and tissue engineering have brought new hopes to regenerative medicine. Various methods are being investigated to synthesize bioceramic materials using natural and synthetic materials. There are several challenges to enable cost-effective material synthesis and minimize the rejection of bioceramics in biological systems. One of the major challenges in incorporating foreign materials into body systems is to improve their acceptance and reduce their rejection by humans and other organisms by studying their immune responses. When developing biocompatible ceramic materials, the mechanical and chemical properties of the ceramic material are one of the most important parameters for their acceptance in humans. The evaluation criteria of mechanical, chemical and biological properties of bioceramics using various existing approaches play a crucial role in validating the use of bioceramics. State-of-the-art techniques for synthesis and evaluation of bioceramic properties can improve their biomedical applications. © 2024 The Author(s)

Functional materials are required to meet the needs of society, such as environmental protection, energy storage and conversion, integrated product production, biological and medical processing. bulk nanostructured materials are a research concept that combines nanotechnology with other research fields such as supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and life science to develop logically functional materials from nanodevices. In this review article, nanostructures are synthetized by different methods based on the types and nature of the nanomaterials. In a broad sense “top-down” and “bottom-up” are the two foremost methods to synthesize nanomaterials. In top-down method bulk materials have been reduced to nanomaterials, and in case of bottom-up method, the nanomaterials are synthesized from elementary level. The different methods which are being used to synthesize nanomaterials are chemical vapor deposition method, thermal decomposition, hydrothermal synthesis, solvothermal method, pulsed laser ablation, templating method, combustion method, microwave synthesis, gas phase method, and conventional Sol-Gel method. We also briefly discuss the various physical and chemical methods for producing nanomaterials. We then discuss the applications of functional materials in many areas such as energy storage, supercapacitors, sensors, wastewater treatment, and other biological applications such as drug delivery and drug nanocrystals. Finally, future challenges in materials nanoarchitecture and concepts for further development of functional nanomaterials are briefly discussed. © 2024 The Author(s)

Recent advances in the production and use of cellulose nanoparticles are detailed in this review. Global demand for sustainability is on the rise, and fossil fuel use is also on the rise. Consequently, the oil and gas industry must maintain its focus on R&D of new, environmentally friendly technologies and materials. Oil and gas companies are interested in cellulose nanoparticles (CNMs) for several reasons, including their renewable potential, high specific surface area, adjustable surface chemistry, and good mechanical, barrier, thermal, and rheological characteristics. Oil and gas production will become more sustainable and environmentally friendly as a result of all this. There are many manufacturing procedures that may be used to manufacture materials with different structures and physicochemical qualities. Biomedicine, sensing, wastewater treatment, paper and cardboard manufacture, and the packaging sector are just a few of the many fields that benefit from cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), especially cellulose nanofibers and cellulose nanocrystals. These materials have several desirable characteristics, such as being renewable, having a large surface area, being very stiff and strong under tension, and being very flexible on the surface because of hydroxyl groups. This has led to the scale production of these materials; for example, several companies currently make cellulose nanoparticles in quantities of several tons per day. The remarkable properties of nano-cellulose biopolymers, which may be produced by a wide range of microbes and plant materials, including rice husks, tea leaves, and other agricultural byproducts, have recently attracted more attention due to the development of nanotechnology. Scientists use a range of methods, including chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic processes, to synthesize cellulose nanoparticles from food scraps. Nanomaterials' primary characteristics are defined by their surface functionalization, extraction source, and extraction processes. In this article, we will examine their present production rates and their applications in several areas, including as healthcare, sustainable construction materials, and energy storage and generation. Our focus will be on recent developments and upcoming trends in the production and use of cellulose nanoparticles. The purpose of this article is to provide a synopsis of what is known about cellulose and its technical biological uses, including its ability to heal wounds, transport drugs, construct tissues, and regenerate bones. The most recent findings from both basic and applied research are contained in a comprehensive bibliography. Materials derived from cellulose may be modified to possess the specific physical, mechanical, and chemical characteristics needed for use in the biomedical field. It doesn't take much work to alter cellulose's chemical structure and conjugate it with other materials, including nanoparticles. Because of this, the applications are straightforward to form and process, inexpensive, biodegradable, and biocompatible. © 2024 The Authors

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of the Pd@TMU-16 to act as a photocatalyst in degrading the Acid Red 88 (AR88) dye from an aqueous solution, via photocatalysis process, using UV irradiation. The synthesis of this catalyst was performed under conditions of thermal solvent and its characteristic parameters were confirmed using the XRD, Band gap, SEM, BET, pHPCZ, and FTIR methodologies. The influence exerted by the operative parameters on the AR88 degradation, which included the pH, reaction time, radiation intensity, catalyst mass, and initial dye concentration was examined. At the optimum condition of photocatalysis and utilising only 0.75 g of Pd@TMU-16, total degradation of 10 mg/L dye concentration was performed. From the kinetic studies, the dye degradation indicated that it was similar to the pseudo-first-order model, and the dye degradation mechanism had taken place through the hydroxyl (•OH) and superoxide radicals (•O⁻₂). The adsorbent reusability was also studied, and from the results it was evident that the 18% decrease observed after six consecutive cycles of catalyst use, clearly indicated its stability. For radiation intensities of 8, 15, 24, and 36 W, the Energy Consumed per m3 of the treated wastewater was found 20.2, 28.8, 34.1, and 36.9 kWh, respectively. From these results, namely the low energy gap (2.3 eV) and high degradation capacity, it was evident that the Pd@TMU-16 can be useful, under UV light, as a powerful catalyst in the elimination of dyes and other organic contaminants from polluted aqueous media. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is identified as the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the ongoing global coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to elucidate potential therapeutic avenues by scrutinizing approved drugs through the identification of the genetic signature associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with asthma. This exploration was conducted through an integrated analysis, encompassing interaction networks between the ACE2 receptor and common host (co-host) factors implicated in COVID-19/asthma comorbidity. The comprehensive analysis involved the identification of common differentially expressed genes (cDEGs) and hub-cDEGs, functional annotations, interaction networks, gene set variation analysis (GSVA), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and module construction. Interaction networks were used to identify overlapping disease modules and potential drug targets. Computational biology and molecular docking analyzes were utilized to discern functional drug modules. Subsequently, the impact of the identified drugs on the expression of hub-cDEGs was experimentally validated using a mouse model. A total of 153 cDEGs or co-host factors associated with ACE2 were identified in the COVID-19 and asthma comorbidity. Among these, seven significant cDEGs and proteins–namely, HRAS, IFNG, JUN, CDH1, TLR4, ICAM1, and SCD—were recognized as pivotal host factors linked to ACE2. Regulatory network analysis of hub-cDEGs revealed eight top-ranked transcription factors (TFs) proteins and nine microRNAs as key regulatory factors operating at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, respectively. Molecular docking simulations led to the proposal of 10 top-ranked repurposable drug molecules (Rapamycin, Ivermectin, Everolimus, Quercetin, Estradiol, Entrectinib, Nilotinib, Conivaptan, Radotinib, and Venetoclax) as potential treatment options for COVID-19 in individuals with comorbid asthma. Validation analysis demonstrated that Rapamycin effectively inhibited ICAM1 expression in the HDM-stimulated mice group (p < 0.01). This study unveils the common pathogenesis and genetic signature underlying asthma and SARS-CoV-2 infection, delineated by the interaction networks of ACE2-related host factors. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and discovery of drugs aimed at more effective therapeutics within the context of lung disease comorbidities. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate diabetic risk factors and aldose reductase in patient with diabetic peripheral neuropathy disease. This work was done on 81 subjects, which were classified into 27 with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, 27 with diabetic type 2, and 27 healthy, considered as a control group. The collection period was from (10 October 2021 to 20 December 2021). All patients and control groups were collected from the medical City Al-Imamian, Al-Kadhmiyain-Baghdad-Iraq. Regression analysis was used to investigate potential risk factors leading to diabetic peripheral neuropathy in diabetic type 2 patients. Statistical analysis used mean±SD and significant difference P value (P<0.05). The spread of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes type 2 patients was 50% from all studied patients. Most of the participants in the study were smokers and had a family history of DPN and T2DM receptivity. The comparison in duration of DPN was a more extended period than the T2DM group. Ages and BMI were strongly correlated with the level of aldose reductase activity. The mean value of aldose reductase was a significant increase (P<0.05) between the studied groups. The mean value of glucose, HbA1c, for diabetic peripheral neuropathy participants was highly significantly (P<0.05) higher than in type 2 diabetic and controlled healthy groups. On the other hand, patients with type 2 diabetes can develop complicated strategic approaches through an essential aldose reductase biomarker, which can be inferred by monitoring aldose reductase levels. © The AIC 2024.

This pilot study synthesized the γ-Fe2O3@SiO2@ZIF8-Ag nanocomposites via the hydrothermal method to study its potential use in amoxicillin degradation as a novel photocatalyst in aqueous solutions under visible light radiation. Various diagnostic methods were used to determine the morphology and functional structure of the photocatalyst, and the results confirmed its proper formation. Complete degradation of AMX was obtained at a pH of 5, catalyst dosage of 0.4 g/L, AMX concentration of 10 mg/L, and reaction time of 60 min. The efficiency of the degradation was diminished when anions were present in the reaction medium, and the order of their effect was SO42− < Cl− < NO3− < HCO3−. Biodegradability (BOD5/COD ratio) increased from 0.20 to 0.68 after 120 min of photocatalytic treatment, with a COD removal of 87.54% and a TOC removal of 74.88%. Through the experimental trapping of electrons, we found the production of reactive species, such as hydroxyl radical (•OH), superoxide (O2•−), and holes (h+), in the photocatalysis reactor and that •OH was the predominant species in AMX photodegradation. Comparative experiments emphasized that the oxidation process occurs with the adsorption of pollutants on the surface of the catalyst, and the photocatalyst has the potential to be activated by various light sources, including visible light, UV light, and sunlight, with an AMX decomposition above 88%. The synthesized particles can be recovered after five consecutive cycles with minimal reduction in the degradation rate (< 4%). γ-Fe2O3@SiO2@ZIF8-Ag can be considered a promising photocatalyst for use in AMX degradation due to its recyclability, easier activation by different light sources, and excellent mineralization. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Aging is a biological process determined through time-related cellular and functional impairments, leading to a decreased standard of living for the organism. Recently, there has been an unprecedented advance in the aging investigation, especially the detection that the rate of senescence is at least somewhat regulated via evolutionarily preserved genetic pathways and biological processes. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain blood generation over the whole lifetime of an organism. The senescence process influences many of the natural features of HSC, leading to a decline in their capabilities, independently of their microenvironment. New studies show that HSCs are sensitive to age-dependent stress and gradually lose their self-renewal and regeneration potential with senescence. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally inhibit translation or stimulate target mRNA cleavage of target transcripts via the sequence-particular connection. MiRNAs control various biological pathways and processes, such as senescence. Several miRNAs are differentially expressed in senescence, producing concern about their use as moderators of the senescence process. MiRNAs play an important role in the control of HSCs and can also modulate processes associated with tissue senescence in specific cell types. In this review, we display the contribution of age-dependent alterations, including DNA damage, epigenetic landscape, metabolism, and extrinsic factors, which affect HSCs function during aging. In addition, we investigate the particular miRNAs regulating HSCs senescence and age-associated diseases. [MediaObject not available: see fulltext.] Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2023, The Author(s).

Cholesterol plays critical functions in arranging the biophysical attributes of proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane. For various viruses, an association with cholesterol for virus entrance and/or morphogenesis has been demonstrated. Therefore, the lipid metabolic pathways and the combination of membranes could be targeted to selectively suppress the virus replication steps as a basis for antiviral treatment. U18666A is a cationic amphiphilic drug (CAD) that affects intracellular transport and cholesterol production. A robust tool for investigating lysosomal cholesterol transfer and Ebola virus infection is an androstenolone derived termed U18666A that suppresses three enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthesis mechanism. In addition, U18666A inhibited low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-induced downregulation of LDL receptor and triggered lysosomal aggregation of cholesterol. According to reports, U18666A inhibits the reproduction of baculoviruses, filoviruses, hepatitis, coronaviruses, pseudorabies, HIV, influenza, and flaviviruses, as well as chikungunya and flaviviruses. U18666A-treated viral infections may act as a novel in vitro model system to elucidate the cholesterol mechanism of several viral infections. In this article, we discuss the mechanism and function of U18666A as a potent tool for studying cholesterol mechanisms in various viral infections. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being increasingly used in various therapeutic applications including skin tissue repair and wound healing. The positive effects of the MSCs therapy are largely elicited by immunomodulation, increasing angiogenesis, supporting extracellular matrix (ECM) and thus favoring skin structure. However, the therapeutic competences of MSC-based therapies are somewhat hindered by their apparent modest clinical merits, conferring the need for methods that would rise the efficacy of such therapies. A plethora of reports have shown that therapeutic properties of MSCs could be enhanced with other strategies and compounds like biomaterial and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) to target key possessions of MSCs and properties of adjacent tissues concurrently. Manipulation of cellular stress-response mechanisms to improve cell resistance to oxidative stress prior to or during MSC injection could also improve therapeutic efficacy of MSCs. In the current review, we shed light on the recent advances in MSCs combination therapy with other ingredients and procedures to sustain MSCs-mediated effects in wound healing. © 2023

Because of their unique capacity for differentiation to a diversity of cell lineages and immunosuppressive properties, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are being looked at as a potential new treatment option in ophthalmology. The MSCs derived from all tissue sources possess immunomodulatory attributes through cell-to-cell contact and releasing a myriad of immunomodulatory factors (IL-10, TGF-β, growth-related oncogene (GRO), indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), nitric oxide (NO), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)). Such mediators, in turn, alter both the phenotype and action of all immune cells that serve a pathogenic role in the progression of inflammation in eye diseases. Exosomes from MSCs, as natural nano-particles, contain the majority of the bioactive components of parental MSCs and can easily by-pass all biological barriers to reach the target epithelial and immune cells in the eye without interfering with nearby parenchymal cells, thus having no serious side effects. We outlined the most recent research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic benefits of MSC and MSC-exosome in the treatment of inflammatory eye diseases in the current article. © 2023

Background: Oxidative stress has been known to be implicated in the onset and development of impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance and both are involved in diabetes. The mechanisms involved in oxidative stress-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy include the generation of reactive oxygen species ROS, excesses reactive nitrogen species RNS, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and reduction in cellular antioxidants. Polymorphisms in genes responsible for encoding these antioxidant enzymes causes the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Aim: this study was aimed to indicated the role of genes encoding manganese (Mn-SOD) superoxide dismutase in the pathogenesis of DPN in a type2 diabetic patients of Babylon province. Ala(-9)Val polymorphism of Mn-SOD gene polymorphism were studied in type2 diabetic patients with (n=30) and without DPN (n=30). Results: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique were used for detection Mn-SOD polymorphisms. This technique included the use of PCR primers (Forward and Reverse) to produce a restriction site in the amplified Mn-SOD gene product just with the polymorphic base. Then, the product of (PCR) was digested with Bsh TI restriction enzyme to detect Ala(-9) polymorphic position. The results of Ala(-9)Val polymorphism showed that the frequency of Ala/Ala, Ala/Val, and Val/Val were 63.3%, 20%, and 13.3% in healthy control subject and 36.6%, 33.3%, and 30% in diabetic without neuropathy countered by 23.3%, 20%, and 56.6% in diabetic with neuropathy. This proposed that the Ala(-9)Val polymorphism in the Mn-SOD gene is significantly associated with a risk for progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions: Homozygote pattern Ala/Ala were more frequent in control groups compared with homozygote pattern Val/Val were significantly more frequent in diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients. © 2020, Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. All rights reserved.

Hypertension is one of the important health problems in last decade in Iraqi population, high percentage of its incidence have been reported in different ages, hypertension is blood pressure which effected by different factors. The pressure of the heart does not stay at the same level at all times. It varies based on activities at a particular point in time. The present study aims to estimate Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism with Hypertension disease in females, samples collected from females had age mean 25-70 years with duration period rang 1month-15 years and BMI mean 30.30. DNA was extracted from whole blood then PCR-ARMS used to detect Deletion/Insertion sequence, results show that non-significant differences between patients and control in age and BMI, there was 45.45 of patients were obese, 42.42 were overweight while 12.12 were normal weight. Patients had age range 35-55 was more frequent it was 58.62%, while age category <35 years was 12.06% and 29.31% of patient had age >55 years. Deletion insertion genotyping was non-significant differences between study groups in all genotype (p value 0.05) the frequents of DD genotype was same for patients and control in percentages 50% with odd ratio 1. DI is more frequent in patients than control it was 25%, 22.22% respectively with odd ratio 0.1 while genotype II was high in control 27.77% and in patients was 25%. The present results concluded that no association between ACE gene polymorphism with Hypertension disease in female of Iraqi population. © 2019, Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. All rights reserved.

Background: Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) gene polymorphism play an essential role in the progression of diabetic complications. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were known to damage neurons by enhancing nerve lipid peroxidation, the damaging mitochondrial DNA, break-down the respiratory chain, and the cross-linking of neuron proteins. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between (Ec-SOD) gene polymorphism and the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type2 diabetic patients. Arg(213)Gly polymorphism of Ec-SOD gene polymorphism were studied in type2 diabetic patients with (n=30) and without DPN (n=30). Results: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique were used for detection Ec-SOD polymorphisms. This technique included the use of PCR primers (Forward and Reverse) to produce a restriction site in the amplified EC-SOD gene product just with the polymorphic base. Then, the product of (PCR) was digested with Eco52I restriction enzyme to detect Arg(-213)Gly polymorphic position. The results of Arg(-213)Gly polymorphism showed that the frequency of Arg/Arg, Arg/Gly, and Gly/Gly were 70%, 13.3%, and 16.6% in healthy control subject and 53.3%, 16.6%, and 30% in diabetic without neuropathy countered by 23.3%, 26.6%, and 50% in diabetic with neuropathy. This proposed that the Arg (-213)Gly polymorphism in the Ec-SOD gene is significantly associated with a risk for progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions: Arg(-213)Gly polymorphism of Ec-SOD gene was associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type2 diabetic patients of Babylon Province. © 2019, Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. All rights reserved.

The present study was carried out in Hilla city to conduct demographic, some blood parameters and major histocompatibility complex (MIC) gene polymorphism in Romatiod Erythritis (RA) patient, using PCR-SSCP technique, the results show that there are significant differences in some demographic variability's between patients and control and all blood parameters were in the normal value for patients while ESR tests were very high in all patients, MIC gene polymorphism significant association with diseases in four alleles. © 2018, Pharmainfo Publications. All rights reserved.