بحوث سكوبس — أسماء حسن محمد الخطيب

One of the major challenges in electro-synthesis reactions is the corrosion of electrode surfaces and catalysts, which can significantly affect their usability and lead to environmental concerns, increased production costs, and difficulties in scaling up processes. Addressing these challenges is crucial for enhancing the sustainability and efficiency of electro-synthesis. This paper presents the design and synthesis of an innovative magnetic electrode utilizing Fe₃O₄-SiO₂ modified with L-proline and coated with nickel (Ni) nanoparticles (NPs), specifically for the electro-organic Buchwald-Hartwig amination reactions. This electrode combines the magnetic properties of Fe₃O₄ with the catalytic potential of Ni NPs, further enhanced by the surface modification with L-proline to enhance catalytic efficiency and selectivity in C–N bond-forming reactions. The performance of the catalyst in the electro-amination reaction of chlorobenzene 1(a-c) and aniline 2(a-j) for the synthesis of diphenylamine 4(a-k) derivatives was evaluated under ambient temperature, using iPrOH as the solvent, for 2 h at a constant current of 15 mA. The reaction yielded good to excellent results, with a yield ranging from 89 to 98%. This approach offers a sustainable, cost-effective solution for electro-organic amination reactions, with potential applications in industrial-scale organic synthesis. The catalyst was successfully synthesized, and its structural properties were comprehensively analyzed using a range of techniques, including FT-IR, SEM, EDS, BET, TGA, CV, XPS, VSM, and EDX. Key parameters, including surface characteristics, surface area, morphology, and thermal stability, were thoroughly evaluated. The synthesized derivatives were further characterized using melting point determination, 1 H NMR, and CHN analyses. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

The current work presented the application of gold nanoparticles in a fluorescent system to determine nicotine in tobacco products. In this system, the fluorescence emission of fluorescein was reduced due to energy transfer to the gold nanoparticles. The nicotine adding caused the aggregation of gold nanoparticles, thereby decreasing the quenching effect of nanoparticles on fluorescein fluorescence, which led to a recovery in fluorescence intensity proportional to the nicotine concentration. Main experimental parameters including pH, concentration of Au NPs and fluorescein, and incubation time were optimized using a one-variable-at-a-time approach, and the method was partially validated by established guidelines. The validated method demonstrated strong analytical performance for detecting nicotine within the range of 0.01 to 0.8 μg.mL−1, with a detection limit of 0.002 μg.mL−1 and a quantification limit of 0.01 µg.mL−1. The intra-day and inter-day RSDs % were reported to be 2.8% and 6.1%, respectively. Finally, the validated sensor was used to measure the nicotine levels in various tobacco products. The standard addition method was employed for this analysis and the results showed a concentrations range of 0.83 to 1.21 µg.mL−1 for nicotine in real samples. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a crucial role in host immune defense and acute stress responses. Moreover, it modulates various cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and differentiation. These effects are facilitated by various signaling pathways, particularly the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). However, excessive IL-6 production and dysregulated signaling are associated with various cancers, promoting tumorigenesis by influencing all cancer hallmarks, such as apoptosis, survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasiveness, metastasis, and notably, metabolism. Emerging evidence indicates that selective inhibition of the IL-6 signaling pathway yields therapeutic benefits across diverse malignancies, such as multiple myeloma, prostate, colorectal, renal, ovarian, and lung cancers. Targeting key components of IL-6 signaling, such as IL-6Rs, gp130, STAT3, and JAK via monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or small molecules, is a heavily researched approach in preclinical cancer studies. The purpose of this study is to offer an overview of the role of IL-6 and its signaling pathway in various cancer types. Furthermore, we discussed current preclinical and clinical studies focusing on targeting IL-6 signaling as a therapeutic strategy for various types of cancer. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originating from the umbilical cord (UC) or Wharton's jelly (WJ) have attracted substantial interest due to their potential to augment therapeutic approaches for a wide range of disorders. These cells demonstrate a wide range of capabilities in the process of differentiating into a multitude of cell types. Additionally, they possess a significant capacity for proliferation and are conveniently accessible. Furthermore, they possess a status of being immune-privileged, exhibit minimal tumorigenic characteristics, and raise minimal ethical concerns. Consequently, they are well-suited candidates for tissue regeneration and the treatment of diseases. Additionally, UC-derived MSCs offer a substantial yield compared to other sources. The therapeutic effects of these MSCs are closely associated with the release of nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), containing lipids, microRNAs, and proteins that facilitate intercellular communication. Due to their reduced tumorigenic and immunogenic characteristics, in addition to their convenient manipulability, EVs have arisen as a viable alternative for the management of disorders. The favorable characteristics of UC-MSCs or WJ-MSCs and their EVs have generated significant attention in clinical investigations encompassing diverse pathologies. Therefore, we present a review encompassing current preclinical and clinical investigations, examining the implications of UC-MSCs in diverse diseases, including those affecting bone, cartilage, skin, liver, kidney, neural, lung, cardiovascular, muscle, and retinal tissues, as well as conditions like cancer, diabetes, sepsis, and others. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths. However, the surgical control of the CRC progression is difficult, and in most cases, the metastasis leads to cancer-related mortality. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) with potential translational applications in regenerative medicine have been widely researched for several years. MSCs could affect tumor development through secreting exosomes. The beneficial properties of stem cells are attributed to their cell–cell interactions as well as the secretion of paracrine factors in the tissue microenvironment. For several years, exosomes have been used as a cell-free therapy to regulate the fate of tumor cells in a tumor microenvironment. This review discusses the recent advances and current understanding of assessing MSC-derived exosomes for possible cell-free therapy in CRC. © 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Psoriasis, a prevalent inflammatory skin condition impacting millions globally, continues to pose treatment challenges, despite the availability of multiple therapies. This underscores the demand for innovative treatments. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic option due to their capacity to modulate the immune system and facilitate tissue healing. Recent research indicates that MSCs don't just work through direct cell-to-cell interactions but also release extracellular vesicles (EVs), containing various bioactive substances like proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This article explores our current knowledge of psoriasis's origins and the potential utilization of MSCs and their EVs, particularly exosomes, in managing the condition. Additionally, we delve into how MSCs and EVs function in therapy, including their roles in regulating immune responses and promoting tissue repair. Lastly, we discuss the obstacles and opportunities associated with translating MSC-based treatments for psoriasis into clinical practice. © 2024

MicroRNAs, a collection of short noncoding RNAs, are promising biomarkers for identifying cancer in its early stages and tracking the effectiveness of treatment. This is due to their critical role in regulating gene expression and other vital biological functions via cell-level epigenetic mechanisms. This review brings together data on the molecular and clinical effects of miR-765 on different types of cancer. Significant variation in miR-765 levels has been observed in a variety of cancer types, suggesting that it could have an oncogene or tumor suppressor role. A number of pathways, including PLP2/Notch, VEGFA/Akt1, PDX1, KLK4, RUNX2, DPF3, EMP3, APE1, ERK/EMT axis, and others, are impacted by the inclusion of miR-765 in their analysis. MiR-765 is an essential biomarker that shows promise as a diagnostic tool for various types of cancer. The latest research has identified them as reliable predictive markers for detecting tumor development at an early stage. Based on our study, miR-765 shows promising potential as a biomarker for prognosis in multiple types of cancer. Specifically, we suggest that miR-765 could be an early detection marker for tumor development, progression, and metastasis. © 2024

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are acknowledged for their remarkable ability to undergo differentiation into various cell types. In addition, they exhibit anti-tumor characteristics, prompting endeavors to modify MSCs for employment in cancer therapies. On the contrary, it is imperative to recognize that MSCs have been extensively linked to pathways that facilitate the advancement of tumors. Numerous research studies have sought to modify MSCs for clinical application; however, the outcomes have been ambiguous, potentially due to the heterogeneity of MSC populations. Furthermore, the conflicting roles of MSCs in suppressing and promoting tumor growth present a challenge to the appropriateness of their use in anti-cancer therapies. Currently, there exists a lack of comprehensive comprehension concerning the anti-tumor and pro-tumor characteristics of MSCs for gastric cancer (GC). This article discusses the influence of MSCs on GC, the underlying mechanisms, the origins of MSCs, and their effects. This review article also elucidates how MSCs exhibit dual characteristics of promoting and inhibiting tumor growth. Hence, it is of utmost importance that clinical inquiries aimed at utilizing MSCs as a therapeutic intervention for cancer consider the potentiality of MSCs to accelerate the progression of GC. It is crucial to exercise caution throughout the process of developing MSC-based cellular therapies to enhance their anti-cancer attributes while simultaneously eliminating their tumor-promoting impacts. © 2024 Elsevier GmbH

Immunotherapy has emerged as a revolutionary cancer treatment, particularly with the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). ICIs target specific proteins that restrain the immune system from attacking cancer cells. Prominent examples of checkpoint proteins that ICIs block include PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4. The success of PD-1/L1 and CTLA-4 blockade has prompted further research on other inhibitory mechanisms that could aid in the treatment of cancer. One such mechanism is the BTLA/HVEM checkpoint, which regulates immune responses in a similar manner to CTLA-4 and PD-1. BTLA, a member of the Ig superfamily, binds to HVEM, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. While BTLA is essential for maintaining immunological self-tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases, overexpression of BTLA and HVEM has been observed in various malignancies such as lung, ovarian, glioblastoma, gastric cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The function of the BTLA/HVEM checkpoint in various malignancies has been extensively studied, revealing its significant role in immunotherapy for cancer. This review study aims to explain the BTLA/HVEM checkpoint and its functions in different types of cancers. In conclusion, the development of new immunotherapies such as ICIs has revolutionized cancer treatment. The discovery of the BTLA/HVEM checkpoint and its role in various malignancies provides opportunities for advancing cancer treatment through immunotherapy. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd

Background: Forensic investigations depend on bodily fluid analysis to identify the perpetrators. Identifying perpetrators requires knowledge about suspects’ body fluids. Due to their durability and tissue-specific expression patterns, miRNAs may be forensic indicators. However, miRNA expression patterns in various bodily fluids are seldom compared. This study examined miR-372, miR-135p, miR-124-3p, miR-16, and miR-10b expression in seminal fluids, blood stains, and vaginal secretions using quantitative PCR using SNORD-47 as a reference gene. This research compared miRNA expression levels in diverse body fluids to assess their potential as forensic biomarkers. MicroRNAs were isolated from forensic blood, seminal fluids, and vaginal mixed stains. Methods: Quantitative PCR measured miR-372, miR-135p, miR-124-3p, miR-16, and miR-10b gene expression. Normalization utilized SNORD-47. These miRNAs were compared in various bodily fluids. Results: The analysis of the results revealed that three bodily fluids have unique miRNA expression patterns. Seminal fluids expressed considerably more miR-135b and miR-10b than vaginal secretions. Vaginal fluids expressed more miR-372 and miR-124-3p than seminal fluids. Blood fluids expressed more miR-126 and miR-16 than seminal and vaginal fluids. Conclusion: MiR-126, miR-16, miR-372, and miR-124-3p were considerably more significant than SNORD-47 in blood, vaginal secretions, and seminal fluids. Copyright: © 2023 Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ) View full article text.

AAThe gene-environment interaction has a major role in disease incidence and health problems, the current study aims to detect the human gene polymorphisms of X-ray Repair Cross-Complementing Group 1(XRCC1) Arg399Gln (rs25487) and Apurinic/Apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease enzyme (APE1) (rs1130409) in alcoholism, alcohol consumption and duration in some Iraqi cases that have three levels of alcohol concentration (sub groups <50, 50-100 and >100 mg/ dl), the results show that the age and BMI were non-significant changes, duration and alcohol level were significant differences regarding to alcohol subgroups. The genotyping of XRCC1 showed non-significant association with alcoholism in compared with control group (P 0.629, 0.596), and strong association of APE1 with alcoholism (p 0.000), The alcohol level according to XRCC1 genotyping showed that AA has high level of alcohol than AG and GG in non-significant elevation (p 0.966), regarding to APE1 genotyping non-significant difference elevation in wild type than Mutated type (p 0.196) was observed. The distribution of XRCC1 genotyping according to alcoholism subgroups showed significant association (p 0.0461), and non-significant association (p 0.0614) of APE1 distribution. The XRCC1 genotyping belong to duration of alcohol consumptions showed non-significant association (p 0.371), and non-significant association observed in The APE1 genotyping (p 0.260). in conclusion; we can conclude that the XRCC1 genotyping didn’t associate with alcoholism and alcohol duration but significant correlated with alcohol level, while the APE1 was strong associated with alcoholism but didn’t associate with alcohol level and duration. © Oncology and Radiotherapy.

Polymorphisms in the antioxidant enzymes have a role in the development of breast cancer. Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) is one of the antioxidant enzymes that play an effective role in oxidative stress resistance. Pro198Leu (C → T) polymorphism affected GPx1 effectiveness, which might further play a vital role in cancer development. This study aimed to recognize the influence of the GPX1 (rs1050450) gene polymorphism on breast cancer progression and levels of certain biomarkers in patients by using a collection of blood samples from each subject. After extraction of genomic DNA, the SNP Rs1050450 analysis was performed by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), and agarose gel electrophoresis. The results were visualized under UV light and analyzed with SPSS software (version 23). Additionally, this study revealed that the heterozygote CT (93.3%) genotype was higher than TT genotype in the control group, while the CT genotype was higher (55.7%) than CC and TT (38.6% and 5.7%) in patient’s group, respectively. The genotypes TT (OR = 0.0252, 95% CI = 0.0015-0.4305, P = 0.0110) and CT (OR = 0.0327, 95% CI = 0.0.0013-0.7995, P = 0.0360) were less likely to develop breast cancer (BC) sequentially. The frequency of the T allele demonstrated insignificant differences between breast cancer patients and control groups (OR = 0.4422, 95% CI = 0.2387-0.8193, P = 0.0095). The CT genotype caused an increase in glutathione (GSH) concentration and catalase (CAT) activity, while the CC genotype caused an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in patients with BC. However, the CT genotype caused an increase in GSH concentration in the healthy control group. The results found that the genetic variation of GPX1 (rs1050450) was unrelated to BC. The rs1050450 SNP which involved in a reduced risk of BC increased levels of SOD, GSH, CAT, and MDA. The results suggested that it was necessary to monitor oxidative stress and the level of antioxidants for cancer patients. © 2023, Journal of Biotech Research. All Rights Reserved.

Dietary variety and quantity are critical for pregnant women, especially anemic pregnant women. The micronutrients such as vitamins A, D, E, folate, B12, B6, and C, iron, zinc, iodine, copper, and selenium have received the most attentions in pregnancy. Severe iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy increases the risk of premature birth. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between micronutrients dietary and variety and anemic pregnant women. A total of 250 pregnant women in Babylon province from February 2021 to March 2022 were selected as the survey objects. Fasting venous blood samples were taken to detect hemoglobin and anemia-related micronutrients. The pregnancy outcomes and physical indicators of newborns were followed up. Among 250 pregnant women, the incidences of deficiencies of vitamin A, borderline vitamin A, iron, and vitamin B12 were 12.0% (30/250), 43.6% (109/250), 5.6% (14/250), and 0.4% (1/250), respectively. The incidence of pregnancy anemia was 29.9% (61/204). The plasma vitamin A and iron concentrations of pregnant women with anemia group in the first trimester were significantly lower than that in the non-anemia group (P < 0.05). The birth weight of the newborns in the anemia group in the third trimester was significantly lower than that in the non-anemia group (P < 0.05). The incidence of pregnancy anemia and vitamin A and iron deficiency during pregnancy is relatively high in Babylon province. It is necessary to strengthen nutrition and diet guidance during pregnancy and timely treatment to ensure the health of mothers and babies © 2023, Journal of Biotech Research.All Rights Reserved.

Aim: This study aimed to find the effect of hypothyroidism in men on metabolism and bone mineral density. Method: The study included a patients group of 90 men suffering from hypothyroidism and 120 healthy subjects as a control group. The study comprised the estimation of the concentration of Blood free triiodo-thyronine (FT3), free thyroid hormone (FT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), bone resorption index type I collagen C-terminal peptide (CTX-1), the serum calcium (Ca2+), serum phosphorus (Pi3+), the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Results: In the hypothyroidism men group: (1) the bone mass was lower than the control group with significant differences, (2) the bone resorption index CTX-1 was significantly higher than that in the control group and calcium and phosphorus were not different from those in healthy control subjects, and (3) TSH was positively correlated with CTX-1. Male TSH and CTX-1 levels were positively correlated. Conclusions: There is bone loss in men with hypothyroidism, which may be related to increased bone resorption. © 2022.

Vitamin D or calciferol is a fat-soluble vitamin that has a unique feature of synthesizing in the body mainly by exposure to UV from the sunlight and then transformed to 25 (OH) D by the liver and finally to a vital form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by the kidneys. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism (FokI-rs2228570) has been proposed as the major cause of anemia. The present study aimed to discover the association between vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism (FokI-rs2228570) in patients with anemia. A total of 120 men with anemia and no kidney disorders have been compared with 60 healthy controls in the present case-control study. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) FokI-rs2228570 was detected by PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques. Levels of serum vitamin D, erythropoietin, and some biochemical parameters were detected by the ELISA assay technique. The mutant homozygous genotype ff was more frequent in patients with anemia (45%) than in the controls (15%). Also, the frequency of the f allele was associated with a significant decrease in the levels of vitamin D and hemoglobin in patients (0.62%); therefore, the mutant allele is a risk factor for developing anemia compared with genetic patterns FF and Ff. Vitamin D deficiency is common in those with anemia which is often associated with low hemoglobin and high levels of erythropoietin. Additionally, the genetic frequencies also affect the level of vitamin D which is indicated by low levels of mutant patterns (Ff, ff) in which patients suffer from severe anemia. Copyright © 2022 by.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that has a unique feature as it is considered the only vitamin that is synthesized in the body. Gene polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor (FokI-rs2228570) gene has been proposed as the major cause of anemia. The goal of this research was to examine the link between vitamin D insufficiency and the gene polymorphism for vitamin D receptors in anemic patients. A case-control study including 120 men anemic patients without any kidney disorders have been compared with 60 healthy men as a control. One single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) FokI-rs2228570 was detected by PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques. Serum vitamin D, erythropoietin levels, and some biochemical parameters were measured by ELISA. The mutant homozygous genotype ff was more frequent in anemic patients (45%) than control (15%). Also, the f allele frequency was a common allele in the patients (0.62%) with a significant decrement of vitamin D and hemoglobin levels, i.e. the presence of mutant allele represents the risk factor for developing anemia compared with genetic patterns FF and Ff. The genetic frequencies also affect vitamin D conditions as indicated by low levels in mutant patterns (Ff, ff) in which the patients suffer from severe anemia. © 2022 Iranian Society of Ichthyology.

Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by abnormal decrease of platelet count in the blood; leukemia is one of its causes. This study dealt with platelet indicators that are not commonly used in pathological fields. In addition to the platelet count (PLT), the indicators included: mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), and platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR). This study verified the importance of the indicators by estimating ineffective platelet production in patients with Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and Acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The study included 28 patients with acute leukemia, they were 11 with ALL (age: 25.64±14.76 years old) and 17 with AML (age: 31.59 ±13.49 years old), in addition 15 normal individuals as control. The blood samples were collected from them. The patients were significantly (p<0.0001) decreased in WBC, RBC, Hb, MPV, PLT, PCT, while significantly higher (p<0.05) in P-LCR, and PDW as compared with the control. Also, these parameters a higher significant when compared between ALL and AML patients, except WBC, PLCR, and PDW showed no significant differences between these patients. ROC test showed that MPV and PLC have higher area under curve (0.763, sensitivity=0.65, specificity=0.36 (p<0.005), and 0.940, sensitivity=0.82, specificity=0.18 (p<0.0001) respectively, for discriminating the leukemia and control. A negative (p <0.001) correlation among platelet counts with MPV (r= -0.670), PLC (r= -0.666), PLCR (r= - 0.701), and PDW (r= -0.705), also a positive correlation between them of platelet indices in leukemia patients. Conclusion: MPV and PLC, a potential marker more than P-LCR and PDW help in predicting leukemia patients as severing thrombocytopenia. © 2022 Veterinary Organization. All rights reserved.

The current study include (75) samples of patients with pyelonephritis who were admitted clinically private for three months between March and May 2020 for this investigation, Alpha-2-Macroglobulin was estimated in patients suffering from pyelonephritis and positive culture of UPEC by using Alpha-2-Macroglobulin Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit, the results showed that, there were significant difference between study groups (patient’s positive culture of UPEC and control group). The mean differences of Alpha-2-Macroglobulin was significant increase and between patient’s positive culture of UPEC compared with control group. However, Procalcitonin was estimated in patients suffering from pyelonephritis and positive culture of UPEC, the results showed that, there were significant difference between study groups (patient’s positive culture of UPEC and control group). The mean differences of Procalcitonin were significant increase and between patient’s positive culture of UPEC compared with control group. All samples were culture in various aerobic media and the result show out of seventy-five samples only 62(82.7%) was positive growth while 13(17.3%) no growth observed. 25 (40.33 %) of the positive cultures were cultured on selective media (EMB) were diagnosed as E. coli, while 37 (59.67 %) isolates were related to other species of bacteria. Molecular detection of specific uropathogenic E. coli genes were done in all E. coli isolates from urine samples, when compared to an allelic ladder, the results showed that all 25 (100%) E. coli isolates had positive results for the chuA gene due to the presence of (221) bp bands. In addition, a molecular investigation of the uidA gene was performed for all 25 isolates previously identified as E. coli. This gene can be identified using the (PCR) polymerase chain reaction, which is more sensitive and specific Tanique. When compared to an allelic ladder, the results showed that all 25 (100%) E. coli isolates had positive results for the uidA gene due to the presence of (259) bp bands. Aim to study: The study aims to estimation of some biomarkers such as α-macroglobulin and procalcitonin among patients suffering from pyelonephritis and detection of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Hilla City. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.

Background: Oxidative stress has been known to be implicated in the onset and development of impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance and both are involved in diabetes. The mechanisms involved in oxidative stress-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy include the generation of reactive oxygen species ROS, excesses reactive nitrogen species RNS, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and reduction in cellular antioxidants. Polymorphisms in genes responsible for encoding these antioxidant enzymes causes the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Aim: this study was aimed to indicated the role of genes encoding manganese (Mn-SOD) superoxide dismutase in the pathogenesis of DPN in a type2 diabetic patients of Babylon province. Ala(-9)Val polymorphism of Mn-SOD gene polymorphism were studied in type2 diabetic patients with (n=30) and without DPN (n=30). Results: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique were used for detection Mn-SOD polymorphisms. This technique included the use of PCR primers (Forward and Reverse) to produce a restriction site in the amplified Mn-SOD gene product just with the polymorphic base. Then, the product of (PCR) was digested with Bsh TI restriction enzyme to detect Ala(-9) polymorphic position. The results of Ala(-9)Val polymorphism showed that the frequency of Ala/Ala, Ala/Val, and Val/Val were 63.3%, 20%, and 13.3% in healthy control subject and 36.6%, 33.3%, and 30% in diabetic without neuropathy countered by 23.3%, 20%, and 56.6% in diabetic with neuropathy. This proposed that the Ala(-9)Val polymorphism in the Mn-SOD gene is significantly associated with a risk for progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions: Homozygote pattern Ala/Ala were more frequent in control groups compared with homozygote pattern Val/Val were significantly more frequent in diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients. © 2020, Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. All rights reserved.

Background: Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) gene polymorphism play an essential role in the progression of diabetic complications. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were known to damage neurons by enhancing nerve lipid peroxidation, the damaging mitochondrial DNA, break-down the respiratory chain, and the cross-linking of neuron proteins. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between (Ec-SOD) gene polymorphism and the pathogenesis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type2 diabetic patients. Arg(213)Gly polymorphism of Ec-SOD gene polymorphism were studied in type2 diabetic patients with (n=30) and without DPN (n=30). Results: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique were used for detection Ec-SOD polymorphisms. This technique included the use of PCR primers (Forward and Reverse) to produce a restriction site in the amplified EC-SOD gene product just with the polymorphic base. Then, the product of (PCR) was digested with Eco52I restriction enzyme to detect Arg(-213)Gly polymorphic position. The results of Arg(-213)Gly polymorphism showed that the frequency of Arg/Arg, Arg/Gly, and Gly/Gly were 70%, 13.3%, and 16.6% in healthy control subject and 53.3%, 16.6%, and 30% in diabetic without neuropathy countered by 23.3%, 26.6%, and 50% in diabetic with neuropathy. This proposed that the Arg (-213)Gly polymorphism in the Ec-SOD gene is significantly associated with a risk for progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Conclusions: Arg(-213)Gly polymorphism of Ec-SOD gene was associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type2 diabetic patients of Babylon Province. © 2019, Indian Journal of Public Health Research and Development. All rights reserved.