Biotechnology plays an important role in developing vaccines that help the immune system recognize and fight disease-causing agents. Advances in molecular biology and genetic engineering have introduced modern methods for vaccine production and improvement. Some vaccines rely on proteins produced using recombinant DNA technology, while other platforms use genetic material, such as messenger RNA (mRNA), to instruct cells to produce an antigen that stimulates an immune response. These technologies allow more flexible vaccine development, but they require safety and efficacy testing, as well as quality control during manufacturing and storage. Thus, biotechnology contributes to the prevention of infectious diseases and supports public health.