Scopus Research — Karrar Majeed Obaid AL-shrmany

This study highlights the critical role of novel Pd-based nanocatalysts in advancing sustainable organic synthesis, particularly in cross-coupling reactions. In this study, a hybrid catalyst was fabricated by functionalizing graphene oxide (GO) with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (TCT), and piperazine, followed by immobilization of palladium nanoparticles (APTMS-TCT-GO-Piperazine-Pd Nanoparticle). The synthesis of APTMS-TCT-GO-Piperazine-Pd involved multiple steps, including GO preparation via Hummer's method, surface functionalization with APTMS, further modification with TCT, linkage with piperazine, and finally, Pd nanoparticle loading. Comprehensive characterization techniques such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) confirmed successful fabrication, with Pd nanoparticles averaging 12.5 nm in size and high Pd loading (∼226 ppm). The catalyst demonstrated exceptional efficiency in Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions under both thermal and microwave conditions. Optimum conditions included using K₂CO₃ as base in a water/DMF solvent system, yielding biaryl products in high yields (82–97 %) across various aryl halides, including challenging chlorides. Reaction times ranged from minutes under microwave irradiation to hours thermally, with excellent catalyst recyclability over at least seven consecutive cycles, retaining high activity and minimal Pd leaching. The catalyst's advantageous features easy separation, reusability, broad substrate scope, operational simplicity, and outstanding yield highlight its potential for sustainable industrial applications, notably in pharmaceutical and materials synthesis, aligning with eco-friendly and economic objectives in catalysis research. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.