Introduction Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among women. It develops when cells in breast tissue grow abnormally. Several factors can increase the risk of developing this disease, including genetic factors and gene mutations that may affect the normal growth and division of cells. Advances in genetics have improved our understanding of the relationship between genetic changes and breast cancer, contributing to the development of early detection and prevention methods. Genetic Factors and Their Relationship to Breast Cancer Genetics plays an important role in determining the risk of breast cancer. Certain gene mutations can be inherited from parents, increasing the likelihood of developing the disease. Genetic factors are particularly important when there is a family history of breast or ovarian cancer, especially when the disease occurs at an early age or affects several family members. However, having a family history of breast cancer does not necessarily mean that a person will develop the disease. Most breast cancer cases are not caused by known inherited gene mutations. The Most Important Gene Mutations Associated with Breast Cancer The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are among the most important genes associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Their normal functions include helping repair damaged DNA and maintaining the stability of genetic material within cells. When harmful mutations occur in these genes, the cells become less capable of repairing DNA damage, increasing the likelihood of abnormal cell growth and cancer development. Other genes are also associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, including TP53, PALB2, CHEK2, and ATM. The level of risk varies depending on the affected gene, the type of mutation, and other individual factors. The Importance of Genetic Testing and Early Detection Genetic testing helps identify individuals who carry inherited mutations that increase their risk of breast cancer. Testing may be recommended for individuals with a strong family history of the disease or medical indicators suggesting a possible inherited predisposition. This should be considered in consultation with a physician or genetic counselor. Early identification of these mutations helps establish an appropriate monitoring plan, which may include regular examinations and medical imaging according to the individual's level of risk. Preventive options can also be discussed with the medical team to help reduce risk and improve the chances of detecting the disease at an early stage. Conclusion Genetic factors and gene mutations play an important role in increasing the risk of breast cancer, particularly mutations affecting the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Understanding these factors helps identify individuals at higher risk, promotes early detection, and supports the selection of appropriate preventive measures. Therefore, awareness of family history and the use of genetic counseling and testing when appropriate are important steps in reducing risk and improving treatment outcomes and chances of recovery. AL_mustaqbal University is the first university in Iraq