Gallstones, medically known as cholelithiasis, are hard deposits that form inside the gallbladder. They develop when substances in bile—most commonly cholesterol or bilirubin—form solid particles. Gallstones can vary in size, from tiny grains to stones several centimeters wide. Many people have gallstones without symptoms, but some stones can block the bile ducts and cause pain or complications. Causes and Risk Factors Gallstones may form when bile contains too much cholesterol or bilirubin, or when the gallbladder does not empty properly. Risk factors include being overweight, rapid weight loss, increasing age, pregnancy or estrogen exposure, and a family history of gallstones. However, gallstones can also occur in people without obvious risk factors. Signs and Symptoms Most gallstones do not cause symptoms. When a stone blocks a bile duct, it may cause sudden pain in the upper-right or central upper abdomen, sometimes spreading to the back or right shoulder. Nausea and vomiting may occur. Persistent abdominal pain, fever, chills, or yellowing of the skin or eyes (jaundice) can indicate a serious complication and require urgent medical assessment. Diagnosis and Treatment Doctors usually diagnose gallstones using a medical history, physical examination, blood tests when needed, and imaging. Abdominal ultrasound is commonly the first and most useful imaging test. If gallstones do not cause symptoms, treatment may not be necessary. For recurrent painful attacks or complications, the usual treatment is surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). Stones that block the common bile duct may sometimes be removed using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Conclusion Gallstones are common and may remain harmless, but duct obstruction can lead to inflammation or infection. Recognizing warning signs and seeking medical advice when symptoms occur can help prevent serious complications. Treatment depends on whether the stones cause symptoms and on the patient’s clinical condition. References 1. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Gallstones. Source 2. NIDDK. Symptoms and Causes of Gallstones. Source 3. NIDDK. Diagnosis of Gallstones. Source 4. NIDDK. Treatment for Gallstones. Source Educational note: This article is for general information and does not replace advice from a qualified healthcare professional. Al Mustaqbal University The First University in Iraq