Environmental pollution is one of the major challenges facing the agricultural sector due to its adverse effects on soil and water properties, plant growth, and agricultural crop quality. Agricultural pollution results from the accumulation of chemical pollutants, heavy metals, pesticides, and excessive fertilizers, as well as the impact of contaminated irrigation water and industrial and domestic waste. This article aims to review the major sources of environmental pollution in agricultural systems and examine their effects on soil fertility and crop productivity, while highlighting the role of sustainable agricultural practices in reducing these risks. The article emphasizes the importance of sound natural resource management and the application of modern technologies to protect the agricultural environment and achieve food security. Keywords: Environmental pollution, agricultural soil, plant growth, crop quality, sustainable agriculture. Introduction Agriculture is one of the vital sectors on which communities depend for food and raw materials. It also contributes to economic development and sustainable development. The efficiency of agricultural production largely depends on the quality of soil, water, and environmental conditions surrounding plants. With the expansion of industrial, agricultural, and urban activities, the likelihood of pollutants entering agricultural environments has increased. This may lead to the degradation of soil properties and reduced crop productivity. Agricultural environmental pollution is a multidimensional problem that requires the investigation of its sources and impacts, as well as the development of scientific solutions to reduce its risks. 1. Sources of Pollution in the Agricultural Environment Pollution affecting agricultural systems originates from several sources, including: 1.1 Chemical Pollution Chemical pollution results from the improper use of chemical fertilizers and agricultural pesticides. Excessive application may lead to the accumulation of certain compounds in soil and their movement into groundwater and surface water. Pesticide residues may also reach agricultural products, raising concerns about food safety. 1.2 Heavy Metal Contamination Elements such as lead, cadmium, and mercury may enter agricultural soil through industrial waste, contaminated wastewater, and certain fertilizers. These elements are particularly concerning because they can accumulate in soil and plants and may be transferred through the food chain to humans and animals. 1.3 Irrigation Water Pollution The use of contaminated water affects soil and plant health, particularly when the water contains high concentrations of salts, heavy metals, or microbial contaminants. Irrigation with unsuitable water may lead to soil salinity and reduce its capacity to support plant growth. 1.4 Pollution from Agricultural and Industrial Waste Improper disposal of agricultural and industrial waste may release pollutants that affect soil, water, and air. The risks increase when waste is burned indiscriminately or buried without considering environmental requirements. 2. Effects of Pollution on Agricultural Soil Properties Soil plays an essential role in providing plants with nutrients, water, and mechanical support. The accumulation of pollutants may affect its physical, chemical, and biological properties. Pollution may alter soil pH, reduce the activity of beneficial microorganisms, and disrupt nutrient balance. Soil structure and water-holding capacity may also be affected, negatively influencing root growth and nutrient uptake. When these changes persist, they may reduce soil fertility and its ability to produce high-quality and productive crops. ⸻ Assistant Lecturer Rafal Fawzi Karim Al-Mustaqbal University — Ranked First Among Private Universities in Iraq