Environmental pollution can have serious effects on ecosystems and human health, while identifying its source may be difficult. Environmental microbiology provides useful forensic tools for detecting contamination and tracing its possible sources. Microorganisms and their genetic material can act as biological indicators of environmental changes and pollution. Microbial Evidence in Pollution Investigations One important application is Microbial Source Tracking (MST), which uses specific microbial genetic markers to identify the likely source of contamination, such as human, livestock, or wildlife waste. This technique is particularly useful in investigations of polluted rivers, groundwater, and wastewater. Another important tool is Environmental DNA (eDNA), which analyzes genetic material released by organisms into water, soil, or sediments. eDNA can help identify species affected by pollution and detect changes in biodiversity. Modern techniques such as PCR, qPCR, DNA sequencing, and metagenomics allow investigators to detect and compare microorganisms and microbial communities. Changes in microbial communities may provide additional evidence about the presence and possible source of pollutants. Forensic Importance and Limitations Microbiological evidence can strengthen pollution investigations when combined with chemical analysis, environmental data, and geographical information. However, microbial communities naturally change according to temperature, pH, nutrients, and other environmental conditions. Therefore, microbial evidence should not normally be considered conclusive on its own. Proper sample collection, preservation, quality control, and chain of custody are essential to ensure that biological evidence remains reliable and scientifically defensible. Al-Mustaqbal University – the first university in Iraq.
  SDG3   الهدف الرابع: التعليم الجيد