The eye is considered one of the most sensitive organs in the human body to radiation because of its delicate structure and transparent tissues, which can easily be affected by radiation energy. Radiation is widely used in medical, industrial, and scientific fields; however, excessive exposure may lead to serious eye damage that can result in visual impairment or even blindness. Therefore, scientists are highly interested in studying the effects of radiation on the eye and methods of protection. Radiation is the transfer of energy in the form of waves or particles from one place to another. Radiation is divided into two main types: Ionizing Radiation: Such as X-rays and gamma rays, which possess high energy capable of ionizing atoms and damaging cells. Non-Ionizing Radiation: Such as ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, and laser beams. Although they have lower energy, they may still cause eye damage after direct exposure. Parts of the Eye Affected by Radiation The eye consists of several sensitive parts that may be damaged by radiation, including: Cornea Lens Retina Optic nerve The severity of damage depends on the type of radiation, exposure duration, and intensity. ⸻ Effects of Radiation on the Eye First: Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation Ultraviolet radiation is among the most harmful types affecting the eye and may cause: Corneal inflammation Eye redness Increased risk of cataracts Second: Effects of X-rays and Gamma Rays Ionizing radiation affects eye cells by damaging cellular DNA. Possible effects include: Cataracts Retinal damage Progressive vision loss ⸻ Third: Effects of Laser Radiation Laser Physics Laser beams are widely used in medical and industrial applications, but direct exposure to the eye, especially the retina, can be extremely dangerous. Its harmful effects include: Retinal burns Partial or complete vision loss Visual distortion ⸻ Radiation Dose The danger of radiation depends on the absorbed dose. The probability of damage increases with higher radiation intensity and longer exposure time. Relationship between radiation energy and frequency: E = hf Where: E = radiation energy h = Planck’s constant f = frequency Methods of Protection from Radiation Wearing protective eyewear. Avoiding direct exposure to laser beams. Reducing exposure duration. Using safety equipment in laboratories and hospitals. Performing regular eye examinations for workers exposed to radiation. Mrs. Tamara Nihad Abbas University of Al-Mustaqbal – The First and Leading Private University