Biofilms are highly structured communities of bacteria that attach to living or non-living surfaces and are enclosed within a self-produced extracellular matrix. This matrix, composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids, provides a protective environment for bacterial survival and growth. The formation of a biofilm occurs in several stages. It begins with the initial attachment of free-floating bacteria to a surface, such as medical devices or natural tissues like teeth. Once attached, the bacteria multiply and form microcolonies. They then begin producing the extracellular matrix, which binds the cells together and anchors them firmly to the surface. As the biofilm matures, it develops a complex architecture with channels that allow the distribution of nutrients and removal of waste products. Eventually, some bacteria detach from the biofilm and disperse, enabling colonization of new surfaces. Biofilms are clinically significant because they contribute to persistent and chronic infections. The extracellular matrix acts as a barrier that limits the penetration of antibiotics and immune cells. Additionally, bacteria within biofilms often exhibit reduced metabolic activity, making them less susceptible to antibiotics that target actively dividing cells. These microbial communities are commonly found in dental plaque, implanted medical devices, and water systems. Their presence poses a significant challenge in medical treatment, as infections associated with biofilms are often resistant to conventional therapies and require prolonged or combined treatment strategies. Al-Mustaqbal University – the first university in Iraq.
  SDG4