represents a complex environmental and engineering challenge worldwide due to their non-biodegradable nature and the limitations of conventional mechanical recycling. In this context, thermal pyrolysis technology emerges as a highly promising engineering pathway for converting waste tyres into high-value clean hydrogen fuel. This approach unites the safe, ecologically sound disposal of a hazardous solid waste stream with the extraction of hydrogen as a zero-emission future energy vector, reinforcing circular economy principles and energy security.The primary technical and engineering challenges reside in the complex chemical matrix of rubber tyres, which contain high concentrations of sulfur (from the vulcanization process) and heavy aromatic hydrocarbons. These elements depress the hydrogen yield in the evolved synthesis gas and contaminate the product stream with hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) and organosulfur compounds, causing severe catalyst poisoning and rapid equipment corrosion. Operational bottlenecks also include low product selectivity toward hydrogen relative to heavy bio-oils and carbon char, high thermal energy requirements to cleave vulcanized polymeric bonds, and downstream condenser fouling caused by heavy tar and carbon coking deposits.To resolve these technical hurdles, researchers and engineers have developed advanced technological solutions, led by Two-Stage Catalytic Pyrolysis. In this system, the primary stage thermally decomposes the rubber substrate, while the second stage routes the volatile gases through steam reforming reactors charged with nickel- or zeolite-based catalysts to maximize hydrogen yields and crack heavy hydrocarbons. This is complemented by chemical sulfur sorbents and thermal trap units to purify the gas stream upstream of catalyst beds, alongside Palladium-based membrane separation and Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) units to recover ultra-high-purity hydrogen. The process framework is optimized by refining the byproduct carbon char into industrial activated carbon and recycling a fraction of the heavy oils and non-condensable gases to supply the reactor's parasitic heat demand, maximizing overall process energy efficiency and economic viability.Al-Mustaqbal University – The First Private University in Iraq