A breast mass is a lump or area of thickening in the breast that feels different from the surrounding tissue. Breast masses are common and can occur in people of different ages. Many are benign (non-cancerous), but some may be caused by breast cancer. Therefore, any new or changing breast lump should be assessed by a healthcare professional. Causes and Types Common causes of a breast mass include cysts (fluid-filled sacs), fibroadenomas (solid benign growths), hormonal changes, infection or inflammation, and, less commonly, breast cancer. The appearance and feel of a lump alone cannot reliably determine whether it is benign or malignant. Signs and Symptoms A breast mass may be painless or tender and may change in size during the menstrual cycle. Other warning signs include changes in breast shape or skin, skin dimpling, newly inverted nipples, unusual nipple discharge—especially bloody discharge—or a lump in the armpit. These signs do not always indicate cancer, but they require medical assessment. Diagnosis Assessment usually includes taking a medical history and performing a clinical breast examination. Depending on the person’s age and the clinical findings, a healthcare professional may recommend breast ultrasound, diagnostic mammography, or other imaging tests. If a suspicious area is identified, a biopsy may be necessary to examine a small tissue sample and establish the diagnosis. Treatment Treatment depends on the cause of the mass. Some benign masses require only monitoring, while cysts may sometimes be drained if they are painful. Infections may require medication, and certain lumps may need surgical removal. If the mass is cancerous, a specialist team develops a treatment plan that may include surgery, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy, depending on the type and stage of the cancer. Conclusion A breast mass does not automatically mean breast cancer, but it should never be diagnosed by touch alone. Prompt medical evaluation helps identify the cause and ensures that appropriate care is provided. Seek urgent medical advice if a lump is accompanied by fever, a hot and red breast, or rapidly worsening pain. Educational Note: This article is intended for educational purposes only and does not replace assessment or advice from a qualified healthcare professional. Al Mustaqbal University The First University in Iraq