Heredity is one of the fundamental branches of the life sciences, as it studies the transmission of traits from parents to offspring and explains the similarities and differences among living organisms. It helps us understand how biological information is passed between generations and its role in building organisms’ bodies and regulating their functions. The importance of this science lies in its connection to human health, agriculture, biotechnology, and biodiversity. The experiments conducted by the scientist Gregor Mendel on pea plants laid the initial foundations for understanding the patterns of genetic trait inheritance. These experiments demonstrated that the transmission of certain traits follows rules that can be studied and whose outcomes can be predicted. As scientific research advanced, it became clear that genes represent the basic units of genetic information. A gene is a segment of DNA that carries instructions for producing a protein or a functional RNA molecule. The DNA that stores most genetic information is known as DNA, and in humans, it is primarily located within the cell nucleus. This DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes, which contain large numbers of genes. Most human somatic cells contain forty-six chromosomes, arranged in twenty-three pairs. An individual inherits…