Vascular seedless plants represent an important stage in plant evolution. One of the most well-known examples is ferns, which differ from non-vascular plants by possessing specialized vascular tissues for the transport of water, minerals, and nutrients. However, they do not produce seeds or flowers and instead rely on spores for reproduction. The fern plant commonly observed in nature represents the dominant sporophyte stage. It consists of roots, a stem, and true leaves. Fern leaves are generally large and are known as fronds. On the lower surface of some fronds are clusters of sporangia known as sori. These sporangia contain spores produced through meiosis. When the spores are released and germinate, they develop into a small gametophyte called the prothallus, which represents the gametophytic stage and contains the reproductive organs. Following fertilization, a zygote is formed, from which a new fern develops as the sporophytic stage. The fern life cycle clearly demonstrates the phenomenon of alternation of generations between the gametophyte and sporophyte stages. Ferns are widely distributed in moist environments, forests, and shaded areas. They contribute to soil stabilization and the addition of organic matter to the soil. Some species also have agricultural, ornamental, and ecological importance. This group represents an important evolutionary step because it combines vascular tissues with spore-based reproduction before the emergence of seed plants. Al-Mustaqbal University – The First University in Iraq