Introduction Kidney failure in children is considered a serious medical condition that affects the kidneys’ ability to perform their vital functions, such as filtering toxins from the blood and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. Kidney failure may be acute, occurring suddenly, or chronic, developing gradually over time. It requires early diagnosis and appropriate treatment to reduce complications. Causes The causes of kidney failure in children are varied and can be classified into congenital and acquired causes. The most common include: Congenital abnormalities of the kidneys or urinary tract present at birth. Recurrent or severe kidney infections. Genetic disorders such as polycystic kidney disease. Severe dehydration or reduced blood flow to the kidneys due to acute illnesses. Urinary tract obstruction caused by stones or anatomical abnormalities. Certain immune-related diseases affecting kidney tissues. Symptoms The symptoms of kidney failure vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include: Reduced or absent urination. Swelling of the face or limbs due to fluid retention. Loss of appetite, nausea, or vomiting. General fatigue and decreased physical activity. High blood pressure. Growth retardation in children in chronic cases. Conclusion Early detection of kidney failure in children is essential to prevent disease progression. Proper medical follow-up and treatment can help improve kidney function and reduce complications. Health awareness also plays an important role in preventing the causes of this condition and promoting long-term child health. Prepared by Ms. Tabarak Ahmed Turki Al-Mustaqbal University The First University in Iraq