Antibiotic-resistant bacteria represent one of the most serious challenges in modern medicine. Many infections that were once easily treatable have become increasingly difficult to manage due to the emergence of resistance mechanisms in bacteria. This resistance develops when bacteria evolve strategies that allow them to survive exposure to antibiotics. One of the main contributing factors is the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, such as taking them without medical supervision or failing to complete prescribed treatment courses. Additionally, the widespread use of antibiotics in agriculture and livestock contributes significantly to the development and spread of resistant strains. Bacteria employ several mechanisms to resist antibiotics. One common method is the production of enzymes that inactivate the drug, such as beta-lactamases. Other mechanisms include altering the antibiotic’s target site within the bacterial cell, thereby reducing drug binding, and modifying cell wall permeability to prevent drug entry. Some bacteria also possess efflux pumps that actively expel antibiotics from the cell. A major concern is the ability of bacteria to share resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer, which accelerates the spread of resistance across different species. This has led to the emergence of “superbugs” that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. The consequences of antibiotic resistance are severe, including increased mortality rates, prolonged hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs. Addressing this issue requires global efforts, including rational antibiotic use, development of new antimicrobial agents, and increased public awareness. Al-Mustaqbal University – the first university in Iraq.