Dwarfism is a condition characterized by significantly short stature compared to age- and sex-matched populations. It is typically defined as a height below the third percentile on standardized growth charts. The condition may result from genetic, hormonal, nutritional, or systemic causes. Biological Basis Dwarfism is associated with abnormalities in bone and cartilage development or disruptions in hormonal regulation, particularly growth hormone (GH). Genetic mutations affecting growth factor signaling pathways can also impair skeletal development. Common Causes Growth hormone deficiency Thyroid disorders Chronic diseases (e.g., kidney disease, malabsorption) Malnutrition Genetic conditions such as achondroplasia Diagnosis and Treatment Diagnosis involves: Growth measurements and growth charts Hormonal assays Bone age assessment (X-ray) Genetic testing when indicated Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include: Growth hormone therapy Hormonal correction Nutritional support Long-term medical follow-up Conclusion Dwarfism represents a group of heterogeneous conditions affecting growth. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for improving physical development and overall quality of life. Al-Mustaqbal University – Ranked First Among Iraqi Private Universities