The aviation sector is witnessing rapid advancements in the development of modern propulsion technologies. Electric and hybrid aircraft are emerging as promising trends toward a more sustainable and efficient future for air transportation. This shift comes in response to the growing need to reduce conventional fuel consumption and limit emissions generated by aircraft operations while maintaining performance and aviation safety requirements. Electric aircraft rely on electric motors that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to generate thrust, while hybrid aircraft combine electric motors with internal combustion or turbine engines to improve energy efficiency and benefit from the advantages of both systems. Developing these technologies requires engineering integration between propulsion systems, batteries, energy management, cooling systems, and control systems. From an engineering perspective, high-energy-density batteries, lightweight electric motors, and advanced energy management systems are essential elements in developing this type of aircraft. Advances in composite materials and aerodynamic design also contribute to reducing aircraft weight and improving efficiency during flight. Despite the promising advantages of these technologies, several engineering challenges remain, including battery weight and capacity, flight range, charging time, thermal management, as well as certification and safety requirements. Therefore, engineering research and testing continue to develop more efficient and reliable solutions, particularly for small and regional aircraft. In conclusion, electric and hybrid aircraft represent an important step in the evolution of aviation engineering and open new horizons for innovation in engine design, propulsion systems, and energy management. They also highlight the important role of aviation technology engineers in keeping pace with scientific and technological developments and contributing to building a more sustainable future for the aviation industry.