Three-dimensional bioprinting (3D bioprinting) is an advanced technology in biomedical engineering and regenerative medicine. It enables the fabrication of biological structures using living cells, biomaterials, and factors that support tissue growth, with the aim of repairing damaged tissues or replacing affected parts of the body. The process relies on digital models that are converted into three-dimensional structures by precisely depositing materials and cells in a defined spatial arrangement. Bioprinting uses bioinks, which consist of living cells and biocompatible materials such as collagen, gelatin, and alginate. These provide a suitable environment for cell growth and differentiation. Bioprinting methods include extrusion-based printing, droplet-based printing, and light-based printing. The choice of method depends on the type of tissue being produced and the properties of the materials used. This technology is used in skin, bone, and cartilage engineering, as well as in developing cardiac, liver, and neural tissue models. It is also used to fabricate vascular structures that help deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells. In addition, bioprinted tissue models support disease research and drug testing, and may reduce reliance on some traditional experiments. Combining stem cells with bioprinting is an important direction in regenerative medicine because stem cells can differentiate into specialized cell types. Artificial intelligence also helps improve the design of biological structures, optimize printing parameters, and assess the quality of the resulting products. Despite ongoing advances, the field still faces scientific challenges. These include forming functional vascular networks within thick tissues, maintaining cell viability, achieving functional maturity in printed tissues, and ensuring their integration with the body’s tissues. The routine fabrication of complete human organs suitable for transplantation remains a research goal that requires further development and clinical validation. Al-Mustaqbal University The First University in Iraq