Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies serve as a crucial engineering and environmental solution for mitigating carbon emissions from fossil fuel-fired power plants, providing a pragmatic pathway to reduce their climate impact during the global energy transition. The fundamental objective of these technologies involves separating carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) from flue gases, compressing and transporting it via specialized pipelines, and injecting it deep into secure geological formations to ensure its permanent isolation from the atmosphere.The primary technical and economic challenges facing CCS lie in its substantial energy consumption; the separation and solvent regeneration processes impose a notable "energy penalty" that degrades the overall thermal efficiency of the power plant and increases fuel consumption. Furthermore, conventional post-combustion capture relying on chemical amine absorption suffers from equipment corrosion and solvent degradation caused by trace pollutants such as sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Regarding transportation and storage, significant logistical and environmental concerns persist around preventing potential $CO_2$ leakage from geological reservoirs, alongside exceptionally high capital (CAPEX) and operational (OPEX) expenditure required for transport pipelines and injection infrastructure.To address these engineering hurdles, researchers and engineers have developed advanced technological solutions, including next-generation low-energy chemical solvents and advanced nano-engineered separation membranes that diminish the energy penalty while enhancing separation efficiency. Additionally, non-liquid capture mechanisms utilizing physical adsorption, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and oxy-fuel combustion processes are being implemented to streamline $CO_2$ extraction. This technical framework is fortified by real-time geophysical and seismic monitoring networks to guarantee long-term geological storage integrity, paired with Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) pathways that convert captured $CO_2$ into economically valuable chemical feedstocks and synthetic fuels to offset operational expenses.Al-Mustaqbal University – The First Private University in Iraq