Introduction Smart prosthetics represent a significant advancement in biomedical engineering, combining mechanical design, electronics, control systems, and artificial intelligence to improve the mobility and independence of individuals who have experienced limb loss. Unlike conventional prosthetic devices, which primarily provide structural replacement, smart prosthetics incorporate sensors and intelligent control mechanisms that enable more responsive and adaptable movement. These technologies aim to improve users’ ability to perform daily activities, enhance functional performance, and support their overall quality of life. Working Principles of Smart Prosthetics The operation of smart prosthetic limbs relies on the integration of several engineering components. One of the most widely used technologies in upper-limb prostheses is surface electromyography (sEMG), which records electrical activity generated by muscle contractions through electrodes placed on the skin. The acquired signals are processed by an electronic control unit to identify the user’s intended movement. Based on the interpreted signals, the controller activates electric motors or actuators to perform specific actions, such as opening and closing a prosthetic hand or adjusting the position of individual fingers. In addition, inertial sensors, pressure sensors, and position sensors may be incorporated to monitor movement, detect contact with objects, and improve the stability and precision of prosthetic control. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Prosthetic Control Artificial intelligence and machine learning are increasingly being investigated for their ability to improve the interpretation of biological signals. These techniques can identify patterns in electromyographic signals and classify different muscle activation patterns associated with intended movements. By improving signal classification and control strategies, intelligent algorithms may enable users to perform more complex movements with greater precision and less effort. However, performance depends on several factors, including signal quality, electrode placement, individual muscle characteristics, training, and the design of the prosthetic system. Applications and Benefits Smart prosthetics have applications in rehabilitation, assistive technology, and the restoration of functional movement. Upper-limb prostheses can support activities such as grasping objects, holding utensils, and manipulating everyday items. Advanced lower-limb prostheses may incorporate microprocessor-controlled systems to adapt joint resistance and movement to different walking conditions. The principal benefits include improved functional independence, enhanced movement control, and the potential for more personalized rehabilitation. Nevertheless, the level of functionality varies considerably among devices, and not all smart prostheses provide sensory feedback or advanced artificial intelligence capabilities. Challenges and Future Perspectives Despite their promising potential, smart prosthetics face several challenges, including high manufacturing costs, battery limitations, signal interference, mechanical durability, and the need for specialized rehabilitation and user training. Future research is focusing on more accurate biological signal processing, lightweight materials, improved human–machine interfaces, sensory feedback systems, and adaptive control algorithms. Integration with emerging technologies may further improve the comfort, responsiveness, and usability of prosthetic devices. Conclusion Smart prosthetics demonstrate how biomedical engineering can translate biological signals into meaningful mechanical movement. Through the integration of sensors, electronic control systems, advanced materials, and intelligent algorithms, these technologies are helping to expand the possibilities of assistive rehabilitation. Continued research and interdisciplinary collaboration will be essential to developing more accessible, reliable, and user-centered prosthetic solutions.