Environmental pollution is one of the most significant health challenges facing modern societies, as it contributes to the development of many chronic diseases, including kidney failure. The kidneys are directly or indirectly exposed to toxic substances present in air, water, and soil, leading to gradual deterioration of their function. Studies indicate that water pollution with heavy metals such as lead, mercury, and cadmium is a major factor in kidney damage. Long-term consumption of contaminated water results in the accumulation of these toxic substances in the body, impairing the kidneys’ ability to filter blood and remove waste products. Air pollution also plays a critical role in increasing the risk of kidney failure. Fine particulate matter and toxic gases can trigger chronic inflammation in the body, which negatively affects kidney health and function. Furthermore, exposure to pesticides and industrial chemicals increases the likelihood of renal disorders. Moreover, regions with high levels of environmental pollution tend to report higher rates of kidney failure patients compared to less polluted areas, highlighting the strong link between environmental conditions and public health. In conclusion, reducing environmental pollution is essential for preventing kidney failure. This can be achieved by improving water and air quality, limiting the use of harmful chemicals, and raising public health awareness. Protecting the environment ultimately means protecting human health, especially vital organs such as the kidneys. Lecturer Zainab Ali Mohsen Al-Khafaji Al-Mustaqbal University the first in Iraq