Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord. It is characterized by damage to the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibers, disrupting the transmission of nerve signals. Biological Basis In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath, a protective fatty layer that insulates nerve fibers and enhances signal conduction. This results in demyelination and the formation of lesions within the CNS, impairing neural communication. Common Symptoms Symptoms vary depending on lesion location and may include: Muscle weakness or numbness Problems with balance and coordination Visual disturbances (e.g., double vision) Fatigue Cognitive difficulties Diagnosis and Treatment Diagnosis is based on: Neurological examination Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis Treatment includes: Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) Symptomatic treatment Physical therapy and rehabilitation Conclusion Multiple sclerosis is a complex neurological disorder requiring long-term management. Although there is no definitive cure, modern therapies can slow disease progression and improve patients’ quality of life. Al-Mustaqbal University – Ranked First Among Iraqi Private Universities