Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) are complex events often resulting from a combination of factors. Below is a categorized breakdown of the primary causes:
1. Human Factors
Speeding: Exceeding speed limits reduces reaction time and increases accident severity.
Impaired Driving: Alcohol or drugs impair judgment, coordination, and decision-making.
Distracted Driving: Mobile phone use, eating, or in-car entertainment divert attention.
Fatigue: Drowsiness slows reflexes and increases the risk of falling asleep at the wheel.
Reckless Behavior: Running red lights, illegal overtaking, and aggressive driving (road rage).
Inexperience: Lack of driving skills, particularly among young or untrained drivers.
Non-compliance: Ignoring seatbelts, helmets, or child restraints.
2. Vehicle-Related Causes
Mechanical Failures: Faulty brakes, worn tires, or engine malfunctions.
Poor Maintenance: Lack of regular servicing (e.g., broken lights, bald tires).
Overloading: Exceeding vehicle capacity affects stability and braking.
Unsafe Vehicles: Older models lacking safety features (airbags, ABS).
3. Road and Environmental Factors
Poor Road Design: Sharp curves, inadequate signage, or lack of guardrails.
Road Conditions: Potholes, uneven surfaces, or construction zones.
Weather: Rain, fog, ice, or snow reducing visibility and traction.
Poor Lighting: Inadequate streetlights or reflective markings.
Pedestrian/Cyclist Risks: Lack of sidewalks, crosswalks, or bike lanes.
4. Systemic and Administrative Issues
Weak Law Enforcement: Corruption, lax traffic laws, or insufficient penalties.
Inadequate Licensing Systems: Issuing licenses without proper testing.
Lack of Public Awareness: Insufficient education on road safety.
Delayed Emergency Response: Poor post-crash care increasing fatalities.
5. Socioeconomic Factors
Unsafe Vehicles in Low-Income Areas: Use of outdated or non-roadworthy vehicles.
Urbanization Pressures: Rapid growth leading to congested, poorly planned roads.
6. Vulnerable Road Users
Pedestrians/Jaywalkers: Crossing roads unsafely due to poor infrastructure.
Motorcyclists/Cyclists: Limited protection and visibility in traffic.
Key Risk Factors (WHO Emphasis)
Speeding, drunk driving, non-use of safety gear, distracted driving, unsafe roads/vehicles, and inadequate post-crash care.
By addressing these factors through better enforcement, education, infrastructure improvements, and vehicle safety standards, RTA rates can be significantly reduced.